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  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 44): Lord Xinling and Tiger Tally

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang

    Annals of Zhou Book 5 Scroll 5 (continued)

    Tiger Tally

    The 57th year of King Nan(258 B.C. continued)

    After the passing of King Wucheng of Yan, his son, King Xiao of Yan, ascended to the throne.

    Wei Wuji, a prince of Wei renowned for his reverence towards scholars, employed up to three thousand dependents in his household. Among them was a hermit named Hou Ying, who, at the age of seventy, served as the gatekeeper of the Yi Gate in Daliang, Wei‘s capital city.

    One day, Prince Wuji hosted a grand banquet and invited numerous esteemed guests. As the guests were seated, the prince personally drove his carriage to pick up Professor Hou, reserving the left seat for him. Without hesitation, Hou Ying donned his humble attire and took his place beside the prince. The prince, showing deference, held the reins of the carriage as they set off.

    During the journey, Hou Ying requested a detour to visit a friend working in the market. The prince complied, and upon arriving, Hou Ying engaged in a lengthy conversation with his friend Zhu Hai, surreptitiously observing the prince’s reaction. Witnessing the prince’s expression became even more gracious, Hou Ying eventually concluded the conversation and returned to the carriage.

    Upon reaching the prince’s residence, Wuji invited Hou Ying to sit beside him and praised him highly to all the guests. The unexpected display of admiration left the guests astonished and impressed by the prince’s unexpected humility and respect for Hou Ying.

    Lord Ping’yuan‘s wife is Prince Wuji‘s elder sister. As the Qin troops besieged the capital of Zhao, wagons carrying messages from Lord Ping’yuan arrived one after another at Prince Wuji‘s residence. Lord Pingyuan‘s messages were poignant: “I was honored to be part of your sister’s marriage due to your noble morality and empathy, which considers others’ suffering as your own. Now, as the city of Handan is on the brink of surrender with no relief from Wei in sight, even if you disregard me, can you ignore the plight of your own sister?”

    Deeply troubled, Prince Wuji made repeated appeals to the king of Wei, urging him to command General Jin Bi to come to the rescue of the people of Zhao. Despite the efforts of his dependents and other scholars to advocate for Zhao, the king of Wei remained unmoved. Frustrated by the lack of action, Prince Wuji assembled his dependents, equipped with over a hundred chariots, and led them to the front lines, prepared to fight to the death.

    During their passage through the Yi Gate, they encountered Hou Ying. Observing Prince Wuji‘s determined efforts, Hou Ying remarked, “The prince is making a valiant effort. However, I am too old for such endeavors.” Prince Wuji, feeling disheartened by the encounter, turned back and approached Hou Ying once more.

    Anticipating the prince’s return, Hou Ying chuckled, “I knew you would come back. Your only idea seems to be seeking death on the battlefield. But what do you hope to achieve by throwing yourself into the jaws of hungry tigers?” Prince Wuji humbly bowed to Hou Ying again, seeking guidance.

    Dismissing the prince’s attendants, Hou Ying shared a plan with Prince Wuji: he revealed that half of General Jin Bi’s command tally was kept in the king’s bedroom, accessible to Ruji, the king’s favored concubine. Knowing that Prince Wuji had previously avenged the murder of Ruji’s father and that she would do anything for him, Hou Ying suggested that Prince Wuji enlist Ruji’s help to acquire the command tally, “I learned that half of General Jin Bi’s command tally is kept in the king’s bedroom. Ruji, the king’s favorite concubine, has access to steal it from him. Furthermore, I am aware that the prince avenged the murderer of Ruji’s father, and she holds deep loyalty and affection towards you. If the prince requests her assistance, she will undoubtedly obtain the commander’s tally for you. With it in your possession, you can assume command from Jin Bi, lead his troops northward, and then westward to expel the Qin army. This achievement would be on par with the feats of the five legendary hegemons.”  Embracing this plan, Prince Wuji obtained the command tally as advised by Hou Ying.

    Before the Prince departed, Hou Ying offered him advice: “A commander on the battlefield is not obliged to follow the king’s direct orders. If Jin Bi verifies the two halves of the tally and still refuses to relinquish command, trouble will arise when he consults the king. My associate, Zhu Hai, is a strong man. He can accompany you. If Jin Bi cooperates, excellent. If not, let Zhu Hai deal with him!”

    Upon hearing this, Prince Wuji invited Zhu Hai to accompany him to the city of Ye. When General Jin Bi assembled the two halves of the commander’s tally and found them to fit perfectly, he remained suspicious. Clutching the tally tightly, he scrutinized it, questioning the Prince’s sudden assumption of command with just a single chariot.

    In response, Zhu Hai swiftly produced a hefty awl weighing twenty kilograms from his sleeve and struck Jin Bi, causing his demise. With Jin Bi eliminated, Prince Wuji swiftly rallied all the troops under his command, issuing orders: “Those with family members in the army may return home. Likewise, those with siblings serving alongside them may also depart. If you are the sole son of your family, return home to tend to your household affairs.” With eighty thousand soldiers under his command, Prince Wuji set out for the city of Handan.

    Wang He, the Qin general, faced insurmountable resistance at Handan. Despite his efforts, the reinforcements from neighboring kingdoms closed in on Handan, thwarting Wang He’s advances multiple times. Upon hearing this news, Lord Wu’an expressed his dissatisfaction: “Your Majesty chose not to heed my counsel. What course of action do you plan to take now?”

    Infuriated by Lord Wu’an‘s remarks, the king of Qin attempted to compel him to assume command. However, Lord Wu’an declined the appointment, citing a worsening illness as his reason.   

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 42): Predictions

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 42): Predictions

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang

    Annals of Zhou Book 5 Scroll 5 (continued)

    Kaifeng, Henan

    The 56th year of King Nan(259 B.C.)

    In October, Lord Wu’an deployed his army in three prongs: One branch, led by Wang He, occupied the cities of Wuan and Pilao; Another branch, led by Sima Geng, moved north to suppress any resistance in the city of Taiyuan and took control of the entire Shang’dang region. The kingdoms of Han and Wei were alarmed by these movements. They sent Su Dai to persuade Marquis Ying, saying, “Is Lord Wu’an planning to besiege Handan?” Marquis Ying confirmed this, and Su Dai continued, “Qin would indeed become the king of the realm if it annexed Zhao, and Lord Wu’an would hold significant power within Qin, and your highness would be under his thumb. Even if you don’t like to be the underling, you have to accept this reality. In the past, Qin‘s invasion of Han resulted in rebellions, with the inhabitants of Shang’dang fleeing to Zhao to escape Qin‘s rule. It’s evident that many people do not wish to live under Qin‘s authority. If Zhao were to fall to Qin, the population would scatter to neighboring kingdoms, further weakening Qin‘s control over the region. Therefore, it would be wiser to negotiate for these cities as part of a cease-fire agreement rather than allowing them to become mere trophies for Lord Wu’an.”

    Marquis Ying conveyed this advice to the king of Qin, “Our troops are weary from the prolonged conflict. It would be prudent to negotiate a cease-fire agreement with the kingdoms of Han and Zhao to allow our soldiers the opportunity to rest and recover. As part of these negotiations, we should demand the transfer of certain towns from both kingdoms to secure our position and ensure a more stable peace.” The king of Qin agreed, and they demanded the city of Yuanyong from Han and six cities from Zhao in exchange for peace. In January, the war ended, and troops returned home. However, this decision led to a rift between Lord Wu’an and Marquis Ying.

    The king of Zhao was on the verge of appointing Zhao Hao as the envoy to negotiate the terms of surrendering six counties to the kingdom of Qin. Yu Qing interjected, “Did the Qin troops withdraw due to exhaustion? Or perhaps, despite having sufficient forces to advance, did they cease their attacks out of love towards your majesty?” In response, the king speculated that Qin‘s retreat stemmed from exhaustion, as they were relentless in their quest for conquest. Yu Qing pointed out, “Qin pursued an objective but failed to achieve it due to exhaustion. By offering what they couldn’t secure through force, we inadvertently facilitate their aggression against us. When Qin inevitably attacks us next year, we’ll be left without aid or support from other kingdoms.” 

    Amidst the indecision, lobbyist Lou Huan returned from Qin, prompting consultation from the king of Zhao on territorial concessions. Lou Huan argued, “Yu Qing perceived one aspect of the situation but overlooked another. The world rejoiced when Qin and Zhao clashed because it presented opportunities for exploitation: ‘We would take advantage of the loser when the strong bullies the weak.’ To counter this, Zhao should promptly cede land to Qin to confound other nations and appease Qin‘s ambitions. Failure to do so would invite further hostility from Qin and eventual division of Zhao among other states. How can we stand against Qin if Zhao itself no longer exists?”

    Yu Qing heard the lobbying of Lou Huan and offered his counter proposal to the king of Zhao, “Mr. Lou’s proposal is detrimental as it would only heighten suspicion among other nations and fail to quell Qin‘s greed. Furthermore, it would expose our perceived cowardice. However, I didn’t mean to suggest refusing to cede land altogether when opposing yielding to Qin. Instead, consider this: Qin claims six cities from us. We could offer these cities to the king of Qi. Given the animosity between Qi and Qin, the king of Qi would likely accept our offer swiftly. By giving the cities to Qi at Qin‘s expense, we demonstrate resilience to the world. Taking this initiative may prompt Qin to negotiate a peace treaty before any reinforcements arrive at our borders. Achieving peace with Qin would earn respect from Han and Wei. In one stroke, we would win the affection of three kingdoms while compelling Qin to rethink its strategies.”  Impressed by the plan, the king of Zhao endorsed it and dispatched Yu Qing to negotiate with the king of Qi.

    Before Yu Qing‘s return from Qi, Qin‘s envoy arrived in Zhao‘s capital. Lou Huan, sensing the shift in dynamics, hastily departed. In recognition of Yu Qing‘s strategic acumen, the king granted him a city as a fief.

    The King of Wei consulted with his advisers upon news of Qin‘s assault on the kingdom of Zhao. While they believed Wei stood to gain from the conflict, Kong Bin, also known by the courtesy name Zishun, dissented: “Why do you say that?” Their reasoning was that should Qin triumph over Zhao, Wei might capitulate, and if Qin failed, Wei could exploit their exhaustion. Zishun countered, “That’s not accurate. Qin‘s military prowess has been unbroken since the time of Duke Xiao of Qin. Moreover, they’re now under the command of an exceptional leader. What exhaustion do you speak of?” One adviser argued, “If Qin conquers Zhao, it wouldn’t harm us. It’s advantageous when a neighbor is weakened.” Zishun retorted, “Qin is inherently rapacious. Once they conquer Zhao, they’ll seek further conquests. Eventually, Wei may find itself targeted by Qin‘s aggression. Let me recount a tale passed down by my ancestors: Swallows built their nest beneath a house’s eaves, feeling secure.  The mother fed the babies and the babies were chirping merrily. When a fire erupted, consuming the entire dwelling, the swallows remained oblivious until it was too late. Similarly, you fail to foresee the impending peril should Zhao fall. Are we not as blind as those swallows?”

    Zishun, the sixth-generation grandson of Confucius, was highly regarded by the King of Wei, who had heard praises of him. Impressed, the king dispatched diplomats bearing gifts of gold and silk to invite Zishun to become his prime minister. Zishun‘s response was unequivocal: “If the king heeds my counsel and adopts my policies, I shall come even if sustained by mere vegetables and water. But if I am adorned with luxury and riches without genuine influence, I am but an ordinary man. Does the king require just another ordinary man?” Due to the diplomat’s persistence, Zishun relented and accompanied him.

    Upon Zishun‘s arrival, the King of Wei personally greeted him and appointed him prime minister. Zishun wasted no time in overhauling the administration, replacing officials appointed through favoritism with those chosen based on merit and virtue. He instituted a system where achievements were duly rewarded, contrasting the previous practice of rewarding slackers.

    However, as expected, those who lost positions or privileges due to Zishun‘s reforms began to slander him behind his back. Wen Zi, a confidant, informed Zishun of the malicious gossip. Zishun, undeterred, remarked, “Not engaging the public in strategic planning in early stages is a time-honored practice. It’s a well-established fact that many competent administrators throughout history faced criticism at the outset of their careers. For instance, it took three years of Zichan’s governance in the State of Zheng to silence detractors, while my ancestor Confucius, serving as prime minister in Lu, quelled disparagement within three months. I’ve only just begun leading this new administration. I don’t possess the same level of skill as those esteemed predecessors. So, why should I concern myself with the slanderous words aimed at vilifying me?”

    “I wasn’t aware of the criticisms directed at Confucius.”  Wen Zi was curious.

    “When Confucius assumed the role of prime minister, a song circulated among the people. Its lyrics went: ‘The elite in buckskin, not a crime if being put into jail; The elite wearing buckskin, put in prison no one complains.’ However, after just three months of his administration, the cultural sentiment shifted. A new song emerged: ‘Leather coats and black hats, delivered what we want; Black hats and leather coats, served us not himself.’”

    “Today, I see that you are a saint, no different than your ancestor!” Wen Zi exclaimed

    Zishun had served as prime minister of Wei for nine months without his strategic policies being implemented. Frustrated, he lamented, “My proposals lack persuasiveness, leading to a moral dilemma where I hold a high position and salary without contributing adequately.” Using illness as a pretext, he resigned from his official post. When someone suggested seeking opportunities in other kingdoms, Zishun responded, “Where could I go? The kingdom of Qin is annexing all kingdoms to the east of Xiao Mountains, an unjustifiable action. An honorable person wouldn’t align with Qin.” Retreating home, he maintained a low profile.

    Xinyuan Gu urged Zishun to reconsider, “A virtuous individual should indeed strive to educate the populace and assist the government in their own community. You held the esteemed position of prime minister in Wei, yet I observed no significant administrative reforms during your tenure before your resignation. While I understand you may have faced challenges in implementing your desired changes, why did you opt to resign so swiftly?”  Zishun explained, “I quit because I couldn’t enact government reforms. Just as a terminally ill patient has no competent clinician to save him, our efforts to save the dying county would be futile. The kingdom of Qin‘s insatiable ambition threatens global peace, rendering our pursuit of humanity and decency futile. Reflecting on history, Yi Zhi and Lv Wang sought better administrations during the Xia and Shang dynasties’ declines, yet they couldn’t avert collapse. Today, kingdoms to the east of Xiao Mountains are weakened: the three descendants from Jin cede land to Qin, the two relics of Zhou become Qin‘s vassals, and Yan, Qi, and Chu submit to Qin. In my view, Qin will own the world within twenty years.”

    The King of Qin sought vengeance against Wei Qi for mistreating Marquis Ying. Upon discovering Wei Qi‘s hiding place in Lord Pingyuan’s residence, he lured Lord Ping’yuan into Qin territory with persuasive words and captured him. Subsequently, a messenger was dispatched to inform the King of Zhao， “I will not release your brother from the Pass until I have Wei Qi‘s head.” With no refuge, Wei Qi fled to Yu Qing, who relinquished his prime ministerial seal of Zhao and fled with Wei Qi to the kingdom of Wei. They intended to seek refuge in the kingdom of Chu with the assistance of Lord Xinling, also known as Wuji, a prince of Wei. However, Lord Xinling, caught in a difficult position, delayed meeting them. Angered by the delay, Wei Qi took his own life. Meanwhile, the King of Zhao handed over Wei Qi‘s head to Qin, leading to the release of Lord Ping’yuan.

    In September of the autumn, Wang Ling, holding the position of Wu-Daifu, launched a campaign against the kingdom of Zhao. Lord Wu’an fell ill and was unable to join the expedition.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 41): The Battle of Chang’ping

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang

    Annals of Zhou Book 5 Scroll 5 (continued)

    Battle of Changping

    The 55th year of King Nan(260 B.C.)

    The army of Qin, under the leadership of Deputy Prime Minister Wang He, launched an attack on Shang’dang, successfully capturing it. 

    Fleeing from the turmoil, the people of Shang’dang sought refuge in the kingdom of Zhao. Responding to their plight, the army of Zhao, commanded by General Lian Po, entered the city of Chang’ping to assist the displaced inhabitants, aiding them in resettling within the kingdom of Zhao.

    In the months of April and early summer, Wang He initiated multiple assaults on the kingdom of Zhao. The army of Zhao fought back with limited success, resulting in the loss of one lieutenant general and four middle-level officers. Concerned about the escalating conflict, the king of Zhao consulted with his advisors, Lou Chang and Yu Qing, regarding potential strategies for peace.

    Lou Chang proposed initiating peace talks with a distinguished envoy to the kingdom of Qin. However, Yu Qing disagreed, “The kingdom of Qin holds complete control over the lever of peace. Their relentless determination is to obliterate Your Majesty’s army, and they would not entertain peace negotiations even if one were to seek them. A more strategic approach would be to dispatch distinguished envoys to the kingdoms of Chu and Wei. If these kingdoms respond favorably to our gestures of goodwill, it could sow seeds of suspicion within the kingdom of Qin regarding a potential alliance forming among other kingdoms against them. This strategic maneuver might prompt Qin to reconsider and accept our plea for peace.”

    Despite Yu Qing‘s objections, the king of Zhao ultimately decided to send Zheng Zhu as the envoy to Qin in pursuit of peace. Upon his arrival, Zheng Zhu was warmly received by the kingdom of Qin. The king of Zhao remarked to Yu Qing, “Zheng Zhu seemed to be well received by Qin.” Yu Qing remained skeptical, “It’s unlikely that your majesty will secure a peace treaty, and your army may face defeat. Currently, envoys from all kingdoms are in Qin, extending congratulations for their victory in Shang’dang. Zheng Zhu, being of elite stature, will undoubtedly receive an extravagant welcome from the king of Qin and Marquis Ying, designed to impress and entertain. Consequently, other kingdoms may hesitate to come to Your Majesty’s aid, as they perceive a peace treaty between Qin and Zhao. With no external support forthcoming, the king of Qin may see no need to negotiate a peace treaty with Zhao.”

    As predicted by Yu Qing, despite the grand reception, no peace treaty was established between Zhao and Qin.

    The army of Qin inflicted several defeats upon the army of Zhao, prompting General Lian Po to withdraw his troops behind a fortified barricade, ceasing engagements with Qin. This decision led to frustration and anger from the king of Zhao, who perceived Lian Po‘s actions as cowardice resulting from previous heavy losses. Despite repeated reprimands from the king, Lian Po remained steadfast in his defensive strategy.

    In response to the perceived discord, Marquis Ying dispatched spies bearing thousands of caddies of gold to the kingdom of Zhao, delivering counter-intelligence that suggested the kingdom of Qin harbored fears, particularly regarding the potential ascension of General Zhao Kuo, the son of Lord Ma-Fu, as commander-in-chief of the army of Zhao. The intelligence further insinuated that Lian Po was on the verge of surrender. Prompted by this information, the king of Zhao relieved Lian Po of his duties and appointed Zhao Kuo as the new commander-in-chief of the army.

    Lin Xiangru voiced opposition to this decision, “Your Majesty’s decision to choose Zhao Kuo over Lian Po was based on Zhao Kuo‘s reputation alone. It’s akin to attempting to tune string instruments by tightening the tuning pegs when the strings are already glued in place. Zhao Kuo‘s reliance solely on his father’s military textbooks without the ability to adapt tactics from the books to rapidly changing battlefield conditions makes him ill-prepared for the complexities of warfare.” Despite Lin Xiangru‘s counsel, the king of Zhao remained stubborn in his decision to appoint Zhao Kuo.

    Zhao Kuo had immersed himself in the study of warfare since childhood, believing himself to be unparalleled in the theory of war. He frequently engaged in discussions on the subject with his father, Zhao She. Despite his eloquence in discourse on military strategy, Zhao She remained unimpressed by his son’s understanding of warfare. When questioned about this by Zhao Kuo‘s mother, Zhao She expressed concern, stating that war is a matter of life and death, and Zhao Kuo‘s casual attitude towards it could lead to disastrous consequences if he were to assume a leadership role in the army of Zhao.

    As Zhao Kuo prepared to depart for the frontlines, his mother, troubled by his appointment, wrote to the king opposing it. Summoned by the king, she explained her concerns, “This humble woman served her husband, Zhao She, faithfully in the past. During Zhao She‘s tenure as commander-in-chief, his generosity was renowned—he provided for tens of individuals with his earnings and counted hundreds as his friends. He willingly shared the rewards bestowed upon him by the king and other royalties with his comrades and intellectuals. However, as he prepared for war, he distanced himself from family matters.”

    “In contrast, when Zhao Kuo assumed the role of commander-in-chief, he received homage from his subordinates while sitting facing east. His underlings hesitated to meet his gaze, intimidated by his presence. Unlike his father, Zhao Kuo retained all the gold and silk granted by the king, and in the last few days, he indulged in purchasing houses and land for personal gain.  The king believed that Zhao Kuo would naturally succeed his father’s position, but they are different persons. I wish your majesty would not have chosen him to be the commander!” The king of Zhao declined her plea:”Stop right here, Mom!  I have made up my mind.”

    In her final request, Zhao Kuo‘s mother implored the king to spare her family from any repercussions should Zhao Kuo‘s leadership prove unsuccessful. The king approved of her demand.

    Upon learning that Zhao Kuo had assumed the position of commander-in-chief, the king of Qin took covert action, sending Lord Wu’an as the top general of the Qin army, with Wang He as his lieutenant. Strict orders were given to maintain secrecy, with severe consequences for any leaks of the appointment.

    As Zhao Kuo arrived at the frontline, he implemented new strategies and replaced officers. The Zhao army emerged from their bunkers to confront the Qin troops. Lord Wu’an pretended to be defeated, leading the Qin troops away while leaving detachments behind to ambush the Zhao army.

    Seeing what appeared to be a sign of victory, Zhao Kuo pursued the retreating Qin troops to the camp’s bulwarks, only to find them impenetrable. Simultaneously, Qin detachments of twenty five thousand infantry maneuvered to cut off Zhao Kuo‘s retreat and another five thousand cavalry to slice through between the front and the camp. The Zhao army was severed into two isolated groups and their food supply line was broken.

    Lord Wu’an then unleashed his light infantry to attack the vulnerable Zhao troops, who struggled to fend off the relentless assault. With their situation growing dire, the Zhao forces dug up barriers and erected bastions, awaiting reinforcements.

    Upon learning that the food supply line to the Zhao army had been severed, the king of Qin took decisive action. He traveled to the commandery of Henei in person, and mobilized all men above fifteen years old to march towards Chang’ping, aiming to overwhelm any attempts at rescue or supply for the Zhao army.

    Despite the willingness of the people in the kingdoms of Qi and Chu to aid Zhao, the soldiers of Zhao found themselves lacking in food. When they requested grains from the kingdom of Qi, the king refused. His adviser, Zhou Zi, implored him to reconsider,

    “The kingdom of Zhao serves as a protective barrier for the kingdoms of Qi and Chu. Their relationship is akin to that of lips and teeth: if the lips are lost, the teeth are left vulnerable to the chill. If Zhao falls today, it foreshadows impending disasters for Qi and Chu tomorrow. Therefore, the urgency to rescue Zhao is as crucial as using leftover water in a cracked urn to cool a burned pot. Providing aid to Zhao is not just a moral duty but also a righteous act. Additionally, defeating the Qin troops would bring glory to Qi.”

    “It is our responsibility to assist a country in distress, uphold justice, and confront the formidable Qin forces to earn a heroic reputation. Neglecting this vital issue by prioritizing grains over aiding Zhao would be detrimental to our country and its values.” Despite Zhou Zi’s impassioned plea, the king of Qi refused to listen.

    In the autumn and early September, the soldiers of Zhao endured forty-six days without food. Desperation led to quiet acts of cannibalism within the camp. Despite their efforts to break the barricade, rotating attack squads proved ineffective. As the fifth squad prepared to begin, they remained trapped. Zhao Kuo, the chief commander, leading his elite guards, ventured into a skirmish and tragically met his demise, struck down by arrows, plunging the army into chaos. Without leadership, four hundred thousand Zhao soldiers surrendered.

    Lord Wu’an saw the potential danger posed by these soldiers, “The people of Shang’dang, discontented under Qin‘s rule, allied themselves with Zhao after Qin‘s conquest of Shang’dang. The enormous number of Zhao captives posed a serious threat of mutiny if left alive.” Fearing mutiny, he ordered the execution and burial of all prisoners of war, sparing only two hundred forty youths to return to Zhao. In total, four hundred fifty thousand prisoners were beheaded, shocking the people of Zhao to their core.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 39): The Art of Persuasion

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang

    Annals of Zhou Book 5 Scroll 5 (continued)

    Chu Long and Queen Dowager

    The 50th year of King Nan(265 B.C.)

    In the winter of that year, Queen Dowager Xuan of Qin passed away in October, and during the preceding autumn, Marquis Rang went into exile in his fief town of Tao in September.

    Sima Guang’s comment: Marquis Rang played a crucial role in establishing King Zhao of Qin, shielding him from potential challenges. He advocated for Bai Qi as the general, leading campaigns to the south and successfully annexing the cities of Yan and Ying. Marquis Rang also expanded Qin‘s territory eastward, reaching the border of Qi. He compelled all the Lords to submit to Qin‘s authority. The significant rise in the power of the Qin kingdom was attributed to Marquis Rang‘s dedicated efforts. While he exhibited authoritarian, arrogant, and greedy traits that eventually led to his own troubles, his discretion was not as egregious as Fan Ju portrayed. Figures like Fan Ju, whose strategies did not solely prioritize the interests of the kingdom of Qin, coveted Marquis Rang‘s position and actively sought to undermine his power. They influenced the king of Qin to sever familial ties with his mother and uncles, to whom he was indebted. In essence, Fan Ju is a treacherous individual indeed!

    The King of Qin designated Lord An‘guo as the crown prince.

    The troops of Qin conducted a raid on the kingdom of Zhao, successfully capturing three cities. The recently installed king of Zhao was young, so the Queen Dowager of Zhao was in charge. The kingdom of Zhao sought assistance from Qi. In exchange for sending troops to aid Zhao, the kingdom of Qi requested Lord Chang’an, the king’s younger brother, as indemnity. Queen Dowager of Zhao firmly rejected this condition, leading to a standoff.

    Despite Qi holding onto its troops, officials of Zhao implored Queen Dowager forcefully. In a defiant response, Queen Dowager made her stance clear: “Whoever speaks to me about making Lord Chang’an a hostage again, this old lady would spit on his face!” Despite the tension, Vice Chief Strategist Chu Long of Zhao expressed a desire to speak with Queen Dowager. The Queen Dowager granted him an audience, waiting with an unpleasant disposition. 

    Chu Long shuffled towards the Queen Dowager, apologizing for his slow pace, “I apologize, but these old feet of mine are not in the best condition, preventing me from moving quickly. Thus, I haven’t had the chance to see your majesty for quite some time. I hope you can pardon my physical limitations. Additionally, my concern for the well-being of your majesty has grown, and that’s why I humbly request the opportunity for a visit.”

    “I’ve been relying on a hand-cart to get around.”  The queen dowager sympathized.

    “Is your majesty’s appetite still good?”

    “I sustain myself on porridge.” Her hostility diminished somewhat.

    “My humble son, Shuqi, is the youngest and seemingly without much promise. However, in my old age, I still hold great affection for him. I would like to enroll him in the waiting list of the black-jacket guards to ensure the protection of your majesty. I dare to request this despite the potential offense it may cause.”

    “I grant your wish. How old is he?”

    “He is fifteen. Although young, I wish to entrust him to your majesty before I am buried deep in earth.”

    Queen Dowager, surprised by a man’s deep affection for his youngest son, pondered aloud, “Does a man also love his youngest son like that?” Chu Long asserted, “More so than a lady does,” prompting Queen Dowager to laugh and say, “Women love their sons so much more.” 

    “This old man observes that your majesty loves her princess, the Queen of Yan, more than Prince Chang’an.”

    “You are mistaken. I love Lord Chang’an just as much, if not more.”

    “Parents plan for the long-term well-being of their loved ones. When my lady sent off Queen of Yan, the old lady clung to her heels and sobbed. You were saddened because she went far away from home, and the longing persisted even after her departure. However, your prayers have consistently been along the lines of: ‘Please don’t make her come back!’ Is this because you envision her welfare in the long run, ensuring her sons and grandsons become the kings of Yan?”

    “Yes, it is.”  The Queen Dowager admitted.

    “Tracing back three generations, are there any descendants of the king of Zhao who have inherited the title of Marquis from their father and still hold that title?”

    The Queen Dowager replied, “There are none.” Chu Long went further, asking, “Not just counting the descendants of Zhao, are there any rulers who inherited marquis titles in other kingdoms?” Queen Dowager conceded, “This old lady is not aware of.”

    Chu Long concluded, “Inheriting a marquis title brings short-term trouble to the individual and, in the long run, affects the welfare of their descendants. Why is inheriting a marquis title necessarily detrimental for a king’s son? Because they hold esteemed positions without contributing to the state, receive high compensation for little effort, and possess the state’s wealth. Today, my lady bestowed upon Lord Chang’an a royal title, fertile fief land, and state treasures, yet he has made no contributions to the state. When my lady passes away, what justification can Lord Chang’an offer for his position in the kingdom of Zhao? That’s why I believe my lady is primarily concerned about Lord Chang’an current well-being, suggesting that she loves the Queen of Yan more than her son.”

    The Queen Dowager sighed and said, “Fine. You can do to him as you please.”

    Queen Dowager reluctantly consented to send Lord Chang’an to the kingdom of Qi as a hostage, accompanied by a hundred chariots. In adherence to the agreement, the kingdom of Qi sent troops to aid Zhao, and as a result, the kingdom of Qin withdrew its forces.

    Lord Anping of Qi, Tian Dan, assumed the role of a minister in Zhao. He orchestrated an invasion of the kingdom of Yan with the army of Zhao, successfully capturing the city of Zhongyang. Subsequently, he led another raid on the kingdom of Han, seizing the city of Zhuren.

    In the kingdom of Qi, King Xiang passed away, and his son Jian was appointed as the new king. As Jian was underage, the state affairs were overseen by the Queen Dowager of Qi, who had previously eloped with King Xiang and held the title of Lord Queen Dowager.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 38): The Gift of Silken Gown

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang

    Annals of Zhou Book 5 Scroll 5 (continued)

    Gift of Silken Gown, A Peking Opera

    The 46th year of King Nan(269 B.C.)

    General Hu Yang of Qin launched a raid on the city of Yuyu in the kingdom of Zhao but was unsuccessful in capturing it.

    The 47th year of King Nan(268 B.C.)

    Upon the counsel of Fan Ju, the King of Qin directed a prominent official, Wan, to spearhead another campaign against the kingdom of Wei. Subsequently, they successfully seized control of Huai county.

    The 48th year of King Nan(267 B.C.)

    The crown prince of Qin died in the kingdom of Wei while fulfilling his role as a hostage.

    The 49th year of King Nan(266 B.C.)

    In the summer, the kingdom of Qin successfully annexed the regions of Xingqiu and Huai from the kingdom of Wei. During this period, Fan Ju earned greater trust from the king and gradually assumed control over the state affairs of Qin. Exploiting the opportunity to sow discord in the king’s mind, Fan Ju remarked, “When I resided east of Xiao Mountains, my awareness did not extend to the king of Qi; my focus was solely on Lord Mengchang. Similarly, my knowledge of the king of Qin was limited, as I recognized only the queen dowager, Marquis Rang, Lord Gaoling, Lord Huayang, and Lord Jingyang within the kingdom of Qin. A true king is one who independently governs a state, weighing the welfare and harm befalling his subjects, and determining their life or death. However, the queen dowager now acts without discretion, Marquis Rang conducts visits to other kingdoms without official reports, while Lord Huayang and Lord Jingyang act unrestrained. Lord Gaoling freely enters the court without approval. With these four types of nobility in power, no state can escape peril. Marquis Rang sends envoys to other states, wielding the authority of a king, signing treaties with fellow lords, and distributing rewards across the world. No one dares to resist his aggressive pursuits, and the spoils of victory enrich Marquis Rang‘s fiefdom, while the losses burden the state, spreading grievances among the people.”

    “I have heard the saying, ‘A tree with too much fruit must be pruned. A tree with too much pruning will harm its core.’ A kingdom is precarious when a minister’s hometown surpasses its capital in size or when a minister is more revered than the king. Nao Chi, in charge of the kingdom of Qi, shot the king on his thigh, removed the king’s hamstring, and hung him in a temple, causing his death overnight. Similarly, Li Tuo, overseeing the kingdom of Zhao, detained the Father Lord in the palace of Shaqiu, leading to his starvation after a hundred days of confinement. In my assessment, the four nobilities today fall into the same category as Nao Chi and Li Tuo. Throughout history, the downfall of three dynasties resulted from lords delegating governance to ministers and indulging in excesses such as drinking and gaming. Jealous ministers manipulated the people, isolating the lord to promote their own interests rather than the lord’s. When the lord remained oblivious, the state eventually crumbled. Presently, officials in the kingdom of Qin, from town mayors to senior ministers and all assistants to the king, are appointed by Marquis Rang. Observing your Majesty’s isolation in the court, I fear that Your Majesty’s descendants may not inherit the kingdom of Qin when your Majesty passes away.” Agreeing with Fan Ju, the king of Qin deposed the queen dowager and ousted Marquise Rang, Lord Gaoling, Lord Huayang, and Lord Jingyang. He appointed Fan Ju as the prime minister of Qin and bestowed upon him the title of Marquis Ying.

    The king of Wei dispatched Xu Jia as an envoy to the kingdom of Qin. Marquis Ying, dressed in humble attire, personally visited Xu Jia. Surprised by Fan Ju‘s appearance, Xu Jia exclaimed using his courtesy name, “How have you been, Fan Shu?” He warmly invited Fan Ju to join him at the table, offering food and drink. As a gesture of hospitality, Xu Jia presented Fan Ju with a thick silken gown. Later, when Fan Ju drove the carriage of Xu Jia to the prime minister’s residence, Fan Ju went in first, stating, “I will notify the prime minister of your arrival.” However, after a prolonged wait, Xu Jia inquired with the doorman, who informed him that there was no one named Fan Ju, and that their prime minister was Mr. Zhang. Realizing he had been deceived, Xu Jia humbly kneel-walked into Marquis Ying‘s mansion, seeking forgiveness.

    Seated in the hall, Fan Ju reproached Xu Jia for his betrayal. He remarked, “Were it not for your compassion towards your old friend and the gift of the silk robe, you might not have escaped with your life.” Fan Ju then organized a grand banquet, inviting envoys from other kingdoms. Xu Jia was relegated to the lower end of the dining hall, where chopped hays and beans were placed in front of him, and he was compelled to eat from the trough without utensils, akin to a horse. Fan Ju directed Xu Jia to convey a stern message to the King of Wei: “Bring the severed head of Wei Qi to me, or we will demolish your capital, Daliang.” Xu Jia hastily returned to Wei and recounted the events to Wei Qi, who sought refuge in the kingdom of Qi, taking shelter in Lord Pingyuan’s house.

    Meanwhile, in the kingdom of Zhao, King Hui’wen passed away, and his son Dan ascended to the throne as King Xiao’cheng of Zhao. The new king appointed Lord Pingyuan as his prime minister.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 37): Fan Ju and His Strategy

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang

    Annals of Zhou Book 5 Scroll 5 (continued)

    Fan Ju

    The 45th year of King Nan(270 B.C. continued)

    Marquis Rang of Qin recommended Zao, an immigrant who had risen to the position of minister in Qin, to the king of Qin. In response, the king of Qin instructed Zao to lead a raid on the kingdom of Qi. Under Zao’s leadership, Qin successfully annexed the towns of Gang and Shou, thereby expanding the fiefdom of Marquis Rang in the towns of Tao. 

    Earlier this year, Fan Ju traveled to the kingdom of Qi as the attendant of high official Xu Jia, who was an envoy from the kingdom of Wei. King Xiang of Qi, impressed by Fan Ju‘s reputation for talent in speech and debate, personally gifted him with gold, cattle, and wine. However, suspicions arose when Xu Jia believed that Fan Ju had potentially shared state secrets with the kingdom of Qi. Upon their return, Xu Jia disclosed Fan Ju‘s gifts to Wei Qi, the prime minister of Wei.

    In a fit of rage, Wei Qi severely beat Fan Ju, breaking his ribs and teeth. To escape further punishment, Fan Ju pretended to be dead. He was then wrapped in a bamboo mat and placed in an outhouse. Taking it to an extreme, Wei Qi allowed his intoxicated guests to urinate on Fan‘s body, intending to set an example for those who dared to communicate with foreign leaders.

    Seizing an opportunity, Fan Ju pleaded with a guard, promising a significant payback if he were released. The guard, in turn, persuaded Wei Qi to dispose of the supposedly lifeless body. Wei Qi, in a drunken state, approved, and Fan Ju managed to escape. Upon awakening, Wei Qi regretted his decision and sought to capture Fan Ju once again.

    Learning of the impending danger, Zheng Anping from the kingdom of Wei assisted Fan Ju in going into hiding. Fan Ju adopted the alias Zhang Lu and kept a low profile to avoid further persecution.

    Wang Ji, a court usher of Qin, visited the kingdom of Wei as an envoy. During his visit, Fan Ju approached him at night. Wang Ji concealed Fan Ju in his wagon and smuggled him back to the kingdom of Qin. Recognizing Fan Ju‘s talents, Wang Ji recommended him to the king of Qin.

    In response, the king of Qin decided to meet Fan Ju at a vacation palace. Fan Ju, in a clever ruse, pretended to enter the palace alley accidentally. When the king arrived, palace eunuchs tried to expel the intruder. Fan Ju boldly proclaimed, “There is no king in Qin. There is only the Queen and Marquis Rang!” Hearing the commotion, the king ordered his attendants to stand down and met Fan Ju privately.

    Sitting on his heels in front of Fan Ju, the king earnestly pleaded, “Professor, please give me some advice.” Fan Ju answered, “Yes, Yes, Your Grace.”, and the king repeated his request three times, receiving the same affirmative response each time. Puzzled, the king asked, “Professor, you don’t want to teach me, do you?” Fan Ju explained, “How dare I not! I am a man on the run. I don’t know your grace well. What I want to speak about concerns rectifying state affairs and may involve your grace’s close family members. I want to show my blind loyalty, but I did not know your grace’s intent. That is why I dare not reply when you asked three times. Today, I speak out, and death punishment will follow, yet I dare not evade. A man will die anyway. If my death benefits the kingdom of Qin even a little, that would be my great bequest. My only concern is that people may be silent and hesitant after my death. No one may be willing to come to the kingdom of Qin.”

    Still sitting on his heels, the king reassured Fan Ju, “What are you talking about! I met the professor today because I am dim-witted, and heaven has granted the professor to protect the temple of my ancestors. Please teach me, no matter how significant or trivial the matters are. Extend your guidance as high as the queen dowager, and as low as my subordinates. Please hold nothing back, and do not question my sincerity.”

    Fan Ju bowed down to the king, and the king reciprocated with a bow. Fan Ju began his discourse: “With a large state and as many militant soldiers as the kingdom of Qin has, dealing with other kingdoms would be like driving pitbulls into crippled rabbits. However, the kingdom of Qin has shut down the Hangu Pass and avoided sending soldiers to the east of the Xiao Mountains for the last fifteen years. This is due to Marquis Rang‘s failure to devise strategies beneficial to the kingdom and also a miscalculation on your grace’s part.”

    Intrigued, the king sat down on his heels again, expressing a desire to learn about his miscalculation. Aware of the attendants listening in the shadows, Fan Ju chose to address external affairs first before delving into internal matters. He pointed out, “Marquis Rang‘s decision to bypass the kingdoms of Han and Wei and attack the regions of Gang and Shou in the kingdom of Qi proved to be a detrimental strategy. This move mirrored the past actions of King Min of Qi, who, despite winning battles and claiming vast territories, ultimately gained no lasting benefits. The geographical constraints prevented effective occupation, leading to protracted warfare. As Qi struggled, other neighboring kingdoms took advantage, nearly destroying it.”

    Fan Ju advocated for a more prudent approach, suggesting that the kingdom of Qin focus on capturing neighboring states while fostering alliances with those more distant. Fan Ju elucidated: “Through this strategy, acquiring an inch of land translates into an additional inch for your grace, and seizing a foot of land results in another foot for your grace. Currently, the kingdoms of Han and Wei hold a pivotal position within the realm, serving as the axis of the world. If your grace aspires to achieve hegemony, it is imperative to gain control over this axis. The kingdom of Qin, through its military prowess, exerts dominance over the kingdoms of Chu and Zhao. In our tactical approach, we align ourselves with the kingdom of Zhao when Chu is stronger, and vice versa. When both Chu and Zhao align with us, the kingdom of Qi becomes intimidated. Aligning with the kingdom of Qi, on the other hand, facilitates the capture of the kingdoms of Han and Wei.”

    The King of Qin commended Fan Ju’s insights, lauding it as an excellent discourse. Acknowledging his strategic acumen, the king honored Fan Ju by appointing him as a visiting minister, assigning him the responsibility of providing counsel on all matters pertaining to warfare.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 36): Lord Mafu

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang

    Annals of Zhou Book 5 Scroll 5

    Duration of 17 years

    Zhao She

    The 43rd year of King Nan(272 B.C.)

    The kingdom of Chu dispatched Crown Prince Mi Wan to the kingdom of Qin as a hostage as part of their pledge. Accompanying the crown prince was Huang Xie, serving as the state counselor of Chu and assisting the prince in his diplomatic role.

    Meanwhile, the kingdom of Qin established the office of Nanyang commandery.

    The kingdoms of Han, Qin, Wei, and Chu joined forces in a war against the kingdom of Yan.

    King Hui of Yan passed away. His son ascended to the throne, becoming King Wu’cheng of Yan. 

    The 44th year of King Nan(271 B.C.)

    Lin Xiangru of the kingdom of Zhao initiated a campaign against the kingdom of Qi, and the invading forces advanced as far as the city of Pingyi.

    Zhao She held the position of minister of the department of agriculture and was responsible for tax collection in the kingdom of Zhao. However, the family of Lord Ping’yuan refused to pay taxes, leading to a confrontation. In response, Zhao She enforced the law and imposed the death penalty on nine attendants of Lord Pingyuan. Enraged, Lord Ping’yuan sought revenge, intending to kill Zhao She.

    In a bold move, Zhao She addressed Lord Pingyuan, “Your excellency holds a position of great honor in the kingdom of Zhao. Yet, you’ve allowed your family members to shirk their responsibilities to the common good. This not only undermines the rule of law but jeopardizes the strength of our entire state. A weakened state becomes a target for external threats, and if Zhao falls, where will your excellency enjoy your wealth?”

    “Consider the respect your excellency commands in our kingdom. If your excellency upholds the law and contributes to public service, both the higher and lower classes will stand behind you without complaint. Fair treatment for all strengthens the state; it ensures that every citizen feels a part of our shared prosperity. The kingdom of Zhao‘s fortitude lies in a unified and just state.”

    “As a person of esteemed royalty, who in the world would dare to disregard your excellency’s influence? Embracing the principles of justice and public service not only secures our kingdom but also cements your excellency’s legacy as a wise and revered leader.”

    Impressed by Zhao She‘s wisdom and integrity, Lord Ping’yuan recommended Zhao She to the king of Zhao, who subsequently appointed him in charge of the kingdom’s treasury. Under Zhao She‘s leadership, taxes were lowered, leading to increased prosperity among the people and a well-stocked state treasury.    

    The 45th year of King Nan(270 B.C.)

    The kingdom of Qin launched an attack on the kingdom of Zhao, putting the city of Yuyu under siege. Seeking counsel, the King of Zhao consulted with military strategists Lian Po and Yue Sheng, asking if they could provide relief for the besieged city. Both responded, “It is far away, and the road there is narrow and treacherous. It is difficult to bring relief to them.”

    Turning to Zhao She with the same question, the king received a different perspective. Zhao She remarked, “It is far away, and the road there is narrow and treacherous. It is like two mice fighting inside their burrow. The side with courage would win.” Impressed by Zhao She‘s insight, the King of Zhao appointed him as the leader of the rescue mission.

    Zhao She halted the march when they were thirty miles away from Handan, the capital of the kingdom. He issued a decisive order: “Death to those petitioning for military strategy.” The Qin army approached the west of Wu’an city, causing vibrations in the roof tiles as they pounded drums and hollered. When a Zhao scout spoke out to rescue Wu’an, Zhao She beheaded him, commanding the troops to fortify the barracks and hold out for twenty-eight days. The Zhao army continued strengthening their barracks, and Qin sent spies to infiltrate the camp. Zhao She treated the spies well and sent them back.

    The Qin general, misinterpreting Zhao She’s slow-walking as timidness, expressed delight, believing Yuyu would soon fall. Zhao She, seizing the opportunity, ordered his troops to expedite their movement. They speed-marched to Yuyu in one day and one night, building barracks fifty miles from the city. Anticipating the Qin army’s response, Zhao She received military advice from a Zhao soldier named Xu Li. Xu Li recommended consolidating troops’ formation and confronting Qin head-on to maintain high morale. Zhao She, acknowledging the wisdom, refused to punish Xu Li when he asked to be sentenced, saying, “Wait!  The order expired after Handan.”

    Xu Li then suggested occupying the high ground of the Northern Mountain first, emphasizing the advantage of those who arrive early. Zhao She approved and deployed ten thousand soldiers to secure the high ground. The Qin troops, arriving late, were repelled from the Northern Mountain. Zhao She seized the opportunity for a full-throttle attack, defeating the Qin army. With this victory, Zhao She and his troops successfully relieved the siege of Yuyu and returned triumphantly.

    In recognition of his outstanding leadership, the king of Zhao bestowed upon Zhao She the title of Lord Mafu, elevating him to the same rank as Lian Po and Lin Xiangru. Xu Li, too, was rewarded with a promotion to the position of a brigade general.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 31): Lian Po And Lin Xiangru

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang

    Annals of Zhou Book 4 Scroll 4 (continued)

    Lian Po and Lin Xiangru

    The 35th year of King Nan(280 B.C.)

    Bai Qi of the kingdom of Qin achieved a decisive victory over the troops of Zhao, beheading twenty thousand soldiers. The Qin forces successfully captured the city of Guanglang in the region of Dai. Subsequently, the kingdom of Qin deployed another general, Sima Cuo, to lead the troops in Longxi. They traversed through the state of Shu and conducted a raid on the Qianzhong region of the kingdom of Chu, ultimately occupying Qianzhong. In response, the kingdom of Chu ceded the land to the north of the Han River and the Shangyong region.

    The 36th year of King Nan(279 B.C.)

    Bai Qi of Qin initiated another campaign against the kingdom of Chu, successfully conquering the cities of Yan, Deng, and Xiling.

    An envoy from the king of Qin extended an invitation to the king of Zhao for a friendly meeting at the city of Mianchi, located to the east of the Yellow River. Initially hesitant, the king of Zhao was persuaded otherwise by Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, who argued that refusing to attend would portray the kingdom of Zhao as weak and timid. Consequently, it was decided that Lin Xiangru would accompany the king of Zhao to the meeting. Lian Po escorted the king to the border and, upon parting, expressed his concern, saying, “Your Grace is on your way. I estimate that it would take 30 days to travel and participate in the ceremony if Your Grace returns right after the meeting. I would install the crowned prince as king if Your Grace does not come back within 30 days, ensuring that the kingdom of Qin cannot take advantage of us in the absence of a leader.” The king of Zhao approved of this precautionary measure.

    The meeting unfolded in the city of Mianchi, where the King of Qin engaged in a convivial atmosphere, sharing liquor with the king of Zhao. In the midst of their high spirits, the King of Qin suggested that the king of Zhao play the zither for amusement, to which the king of Zhao obliged. In return, Lin Xiangru, requested that the King of Qin play the percussion fou (a pot used as a musical instrument). However, the King of Qin declined. In response, Lin Xiangru exclaimed, “I am five paces from Sire. I would like to stain Sire with the blood from my neck!” The guards of the King of Qin unsheathed their swords and daggers, but Lin Xiangru stood his ground, staring them down. He vehemently protested, and the guards eventually backed off. Reluctantly, the King of Qin struck the percussion fou once as requested.

    Throughout the drinking party, the king of Qin found it challenging to subjugate the king of Zhao. The entourage of the king of Zhao remained highly vigilant, and the guards of Qin hesitated to make a move.

    The king of Zhao returned home safely and elevated Lin Xiangru to the top official position in the kingdom, even ranking him above Lian Po. Unhappy with this development, Lian Po expressed his discontent, stating, “I am the general of the kingdom of Zhao, merited by military exploits in the battlefields. Lin Xiangru used to be a lowly servant, and now he talks his way into a position above me. I cannot bear being his underling.” Lian Po declared that he would hurl insults at Lin Xiangru if they crossed paths. Upon hearing this, Lin Xiangru purposefully avoided encounters with Lian Po, taking sick leave during court appearances and steering clear of discussions about ranking. When he spotted Lian Po approaching, Lin Xiangru would avoid the road and hide his chariot, causing a feeling of humiliation among his entourage.

    Clarifying their misconception, Lin Xiangru asked his attendants, “Who do you think is more powerful, General Lian or the king of Qin?” They replied, “General Lian is not as powerful as the king of Qin.” Lin Xiangru explained, “Facing the power of the king of Qin, I yelled at him in his court, insulted his ministers and guards. I am not fearless, so why should I fear only General Lian? In my view, the reason the kingdom of Qin has not invaded the kingdom of Zhao is because there were two of us in leadership. If we, like two tigers, engaged in a feud for dominance, only one would be left standing. I prioritize national critical interest over personal wrangle.” Hearing this through word of mouth, Lian Po felt ashamed and, bearing his back and carrying a switch, went to Lin’s house and sought forgiveness from Lin Xiangru. From then on, they became friends akin to Damon and Pythias.

    During the period when the troops from the kingdom of Yan were besieging the city of Anping, a middle-level official of the city Linzi named Tian Dan happened to be in Anping. Recognizing the impending danger, he instructed his relatives to install iron braces on the shafts of their carriage wheels. As the city wall was breached, chaos ensued as all the carriages attempted to flee from the gate. The shaft ends of their carriage wheels collided and broke, rendering the carriages immobile and leading to the capture of their passengers by the Yan army.

    Only Tian Dan‘s relatives, with carriages protected by the iron braces, managed to pass through the gate and escape to the city of Jimo. At this point, all the towns of Qi had fallen to the Yan army, except for the city of Ju and the city of Jimo. Yue Yi ordered his right corps and front corps to besiege the city of Ju, while his left corps and rear corps surrounded the city of Jimo.

    The high officials of Jimo valiantly fought against the soldiers of Yan and perished in the battle. Recognizing Tian Dan‘s wisdom and military acumen demonstrated by the survival of his relatives in Anping, the people of Jimo unanimously agreed to install him as the general of Jimo to lead the resistance against the Yan invaders.

    Yue Yi directed the siege on the two cities, but even after a year, they remained impervious to the invasion. Recognizing the need for a strategic shift, Yue Yi issued orders for his army to cease the siege and retreat to bunkers located nine miles away from the cities. Addressing his troops, he instructed, “Do not apprehend anyone leaving the cities. Provide assistance to those facing hardship. Let the people of Qi resume their previous way of life. This is how we govern the new population.” Despite the prolonged encirclement, the two cities held firm for three years without surrendering.

    Criticism of Yue Yi arose in the court of King Zhao of Yan. An individual voiced their skepticism, stating, “Yue Yi is undoubtedly a skilled strategist. He swiftly conquered more than seventy cities during the initial attack on Qi. However, his inability to capture two cities now is not due to a lack of military strength. He has refrained from attacking for three years, employing his military prowess to subdue the people of Qi. It appears his ultimate goal is to become the king of Qi. The people of Qi may have yielded already, but he has not made a move because his wife and children still reside in the kingdom of Yan. Perhaps he will eventually overlook his wife, given the abundance of beautiful women in the kingdom of Qi. Your Majesty, it is imperative to thwart his potential scheme.”

    King Zhao of Yan convened a gathering of all his magistrates for a wine-drinking party, where he addressed the individual who had criticized Yue Yi. He rebuked them, saying, “My late father, the former king, entrusted the entire kingdom to a wise leader, not driven by the desire for territorial gains to be inherited by his descendants. However, the one bestowed with the kingdom, Zizhi, proved less virtuous and capable for the task, leading to discontent among our people. The kingdom of Qi acted immorally, exploiting the turmoil in our kingdom to assassinate your former king. Assuming the throne, I keenly felt my father’s pain. This is why I maintain an open-door policy for all my ministers and actively seek talents from abroad. Our aim is to avenge my father’s death. If someone achieves this, we would gladly share the Yan kingdom with them.”

    Continuing, King Zhao praised Yue Yi: “Lord Yue has successfully breached the kingdom of Qi on my behalf, exacting retribution for past humiliations by leveling their ancestral temple. The sovereignty of Qi rightfully belongs to Lord Yue, and it is not within the purview of the Kingdom of Yan to claim. If Lord Yue chooses to establish the kingdom of Qi as his own realm, he would stand as an equal among all kingdoms. This would pave the way for amicable neighborly relations and alliances aimed at warding off common threats. Such a scenario is not only a blessing for the kingdom of Yan but also my heartfelt desire. How dare you slander Lord Yue!”  He ordered the beheading of the gossiper.

    The king bestowed exclusive gowns, reserved for the queen, upon Yue Yi‘s wife, and provided princely attire for Yue Yi‘s sons. Additionally, he commanded a procession of a hundred four-horse wagons, accompanied by the Prime Minister of the Yan Kingdom, to escort Yue Yi’s family to the kingdom of Qi. In a grand gesture, the title of King of Qi was conferred upon Yue Yi. However, Yue Yi, displaying profound humility, respectfully declined the esteemed title. In a letter to the king, he vowed that he would rather face death than accept such an honor.

    This principled stance endeared Yue Yi to the people of Qi, who came to endorse his righteousness. Meanwhile, the lords of other kingdoms, recognizing his unwavering integrity, were hesitant to question his reliability. The aura of respect and fear surrounding Yue Yi grew, dissuading anyone from daring to plot against him.

    Shortly after the death of King Zhao of Yan, his son, King Hui, ascended to the throne. However, King Hui harbored negative sentiments towards Yue Yi from their time when he was the crown prince. Seizing this opportunity, Tian Dan exploited the situation by sowing discord among the people of Yan. He spread rumors that alleged that the king of Qi had passed away and that the two cities persisted in their resistance for two main reasons.

    Firstly, it was claimed that Yue Yi was in conflict with the newly inaugurated King Hui of Yan and feared returning to Yan, apprehensive for his life. The rumor asserted that Yue Yi intended to gather his forces to declare himself as the king of Qi under the pretext of besieging the cities. Secondly, it was suggested that the people of Qi resisted Yue Yi’s rule, causing him to delay the attack on the city of Jimo, anticipating a change in their sentiments. Now, the people of Qi were portrayed as fearing the arrival of another general to lead the Yan army, predicting the immediate downfall of Jimo in such a scenario.Susceptible to suspicion and disinformation, King Hui of Yan summoned Yue Yi back to the kingdom of Yan and replaced him with General Qi Jie as the military leader in Qi. Aware of the likely unfavorable treatment awaiting him in Yan, Yue Yi chose to flee to the kingdom of Zhao instead. The officers and rank-and-file of the Yan army shared a sense of grievance, believing that injustice had been done to Yue Yi.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 17): Su Qin And The Vertical Alliance

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang

    Annals of Zhou Book 2 Scroll 2 (continued)

    A Play on Su Qin

    The 36th year of King Xian (333 B.C. continued)

    Su Qin continued his persuasive efforts with King Xuanhui of Han: “The kingdom of Han boasts a large expanse of land, spanning nine hundred miles, and possesses hundreds of thousands of well-armed soldiers. The world’s finest bows, crossbows, and swords are all crafted right here in the state of Han. Han‘s archers are so skilled that they can leap into the air and unleash a continuous barrage of a hundred arrows. It is beyond doubt that the valor of a single Han soldier, armed with the best weaponry, can withstand the assault of a hundred adversaries.”

    “Your grace, if you yield to Qin‘s demands, they will not stop at just taking Yiyang and Chenggao as they did this year. Next year, they will seek even more territory. In the end, you will have nothing left to give. Any concession made now will only nullify the goodwill you have shown before, inviting calamity upon us. Your land is limited, while the kingdom of Qin‘s appetite is boundless. Attempting to satiate an insatiable hunger with limited resources is akin to trading grievances for misfortune. We are losing territory without putting up a fight. As the saying goes, ‘I would rather be a chick’s beak than the behind of a cow.’ It is regrettable that your wisdom, your grace, and the valor of Han‘s army are earning a reputation as the backend of a cow!” King Xuanhui of Han heeded Su Qin‘s counsel and decided not to concede to Qin‘s demands

    Su Qin continued his diplomatic efforts, this time directing his persuasive skills toward the King of Wei: “Your grace, your kingdom, although not extensive in terms of land, spans a thousand miles. It is a densely populated region filled with countless farms and residences, leaving little room for pastures. The population is so dense, and the traffic so bustling, that one might think it’s perpetually hosting armies on the move. In my humble opinion, your kingdom rivals the vastness of the kingdom of Chu.”

    “I have also come to understand the might of your armed forces: you command two hundred thousand heavily armed soldiers, two hundred thousand black-cap servicemen, two hundred thousand gladiators, and one hundred thousand auxiliary supporters. In addition, you possess six hundred chariots and five thousand cavalry.”

    “Yet, it troubles me to see that you are currently heeding advisors who advocate servility towards the Kingdom of Qin. I implore you to reconsider this stance and examine the charter of alliance provided by my lord, the King of Zhao. The charter is unequivocal: your commands are to be executed by the alliance!” King of Wei, after consideration, agreed to Su Qin‘s proposal.

    Su Qin‘s persuasive efforts extended to the King of Qi: “Your grace, the Kingdom of Qi boasts fortresses on all four borders, with territory spanning two thousand miles. It commands hundreds of thousands of well-armed soldiers and vast grain reserves. Your standing armies are well-disciplined, and five independent military forces are at your disposal in five cities. Your warriors move as swiftly as arrows, fight fiercely like thunderstorms, and retreat like showers. Even if a military conflict were to arise, the aggressors would have to clear Mount Tai, cross the Qing River, and navigate Bohai Bay.”

    “The city of Linzi alone houses seventy thousand families, and a rough estimate of three able-bodied men per family gives you two hundred and ten thousand potential fighters in Linzi alone, without counting neighboring counties. Linzi‘s people are prosperous and affluent, indulging in activities like cockfighting, dog racing, chess, and football. On Linzi‘s streets, cartwheels clash, pedestrians rub shoulders, and their sleeves brushing together could form a backdrop curtain, while wiping sweat from their brows could create a downpour.”

    “However, certain ministers who fear Qin‘s proximity dominate the strategic decisions of the states of Han and Wei because they share borders with Qin. The survival or downfall of these states can be decided within ten days of mobilizing their troops. Even if they win, they might lose half their forces and face border incursions. If they lose, their state may face defeat and collapse. This is why the states of Han and Wei tend to appease Qin and hesitate to engage in combat. Qi‘s security against a Qin invasion is entirely different. Qin invaders must traverse the lands of Han and Wei, navigate the narrow road at Yanjin (in Wei), and break through the strategic Kangfu Pass. Qin‘s chariots cannot move in combat formations, and cavalry cannot advance side by side through these passages. A hundred defenders on these bastions can thwart thousands of attackers. Qin‘s army may want to advance deep into Qi, but they must also be cautious, wary of attacks from Han and Wei from behind.”

    “It is evident that Qin does not pose an immediate threat to Qi. They resort to trickery, threats, and bluster rather than moving into combat. Those ministers who advocate submission to Qin do not fully grasp the situation, Your grace. You possess the means to safeguard your state and need not be labeled as subservient to Qin. Please consider our strategy carefully.” The King of Qi approved of Su Qin‘s counsel.

    Su Qin continued his diplomatic efforts in the southwest, addressing the King of Chu: “The Kingdom of Chu stands as a world superpower, spanning a vast territory of six thousand miles. Its army numbers one million strong, equipped with thousands of chariots and tens of thousands of horses. Its granaries hold enough grain to sustain the state for a decade, a resource that signifies dominance. To the Kingdom of Qin, Chu represents a greater threat than any other state. The strength of Chu corresponds to the weakness of Qin, and vice versa. Qin and Chu cannot coexist peacefully.”

    “To your advantage, the Kingdom of Chu should join the vertical alliance to isolate the Kingdom of Qin. I will ensure that other states east of Xiao Mountain pay tribute to you with seasonal produce, obey your orders, entrust their state affairs and heritage to you, and train their soldiers to follow your lead. Joining the vertical alliance implies that all states cede their lands and are subject to Chu, while joining the horizontal alliance implies that the Kingdom of Chu surrenders its land and is subject to Qin. The consequences of these two options are vastly different. Which one do you choose?” The King of Chu concurred with Su Qin‘s proposal.

    With Su Qin‘s successful diplomacy, he assumed the role of chief commander and prime minister for all six states of the vertical alliance. He traveled north to report to the Marquis of Zhao, accompanied by an impressive entourage equipped with chariots and well-armed guards, rivaling that of a king.

    King Wei of Qi passed away, and his son, Piqiang, ascended to the throne as King Xuan of Qi. King Xuan of Qi recognized that Marquis Cheng (Zou Ji) had wrongfully accused Tian Ji and reinstated Tian Ji to his former position.

    Duke Wen of Yan also passed away, and his son succeeded him as King Yi of Yan.

    Marquis Cheng of Wey passed away, and his son took over as Marquis Ping of Wey.

    The 37th year of King Xian (332 B.C.)

    The king Hui of Qin, in an attempt to disrupt the vertical alliance, sent Xi Shou to deceive the Kingdoms of Qi and Wei into forming a coalition against the state of Zhao. This move aimed to thwart the alliance that Su Qin had been working on. When Marquis Su of Zhao discovered this plot, he held Su Qin responsible, and Su Qin became fearful.

    To make amends, Su Qin offered to lobby the state of Yan to seek revenge for Qi‘s actions. As Su Qin left the state of Zhao, the vertical alliance fell apart. The people of Zhao breached a dam to flood the armies of Qi and Wei, forcing them to withdraw.

    In a gesture of reconciliation, the Kingdom of Wei ceded the city of Yinjin to the Kingdom of Qin. This city is now known as Huayin.

    Subsequently, the King of Qi launched a campaign against the state of Yan, capturing ten cities. However, they later returned these cities to their original owner Yan.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 16): Su Qin and Zhang Yi

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang

    Annals of Zhou Book 2 Scroll 2 (continued)

    The Book by Guiguzi

    The 36th year of King Xian (333 B.C.)

    The king of Chu launched an attack on the state of Qi and defeated the Qi army. He besieged Xuzhou and ordered the expulsion of Tian Ying. However, Tian Ying sent an envoy named Zhang Chou to plead with the King of Chu. After hearing Zhang Chou’s plea, King of Chu decided to halt the attack on Qi.

    The construction of the grand palace portal in the state of Han has been completed. Marquis Zhao of Han had passed away, and his son had succeeded him, assuming the title of King Xuanhui of Han.

    Earlier, Su Qin from the city of Luoyang had approached the King of Qin with a proposal for unifying China, but the King of Qin had not taken his advice seriously.

    Su Qin then decided to visit Duke Wen of Yan and presented a persuasive argument: “The reason the state of Yan has remained free from the harassment of bandits and soldiers is the protective shield provided by the state of Zhao to the south. If the state of Qin were to wage war against Yan, it would have to do so thousands of miles away from its own territory. On the other hand, if the state of Zhao were to engage in conflict with Yan, it would be doing so only hundreds of miles from its own borders. It is unwise to worry about a distant enemy while ignoring a threat much closer to home. I propose, Your Grace, that you form a marital alliance with Zhao, ultimately uniting with the state of Zhao. This way, Yan will have no more cause for concern.”

    Duke Wen of Yan recognized the wisdom in Su Qin‘s advice and not only accepted it but also facilitated his journey to the state of Zhao to pursue this alliance further.

    Su Qin employed his persuasive skills once more, this time lobbying Marquis Su of Zhao. He presented his case: “At present, there is no state stronger than Zhao. Qin considers Zhao its primary adversary but has refrained from launching an offensive due to concerns that Han and Wei may conspire against them from behind. There are no natural barriers like large mountain ranges and rivers between Qin and these two states. Qin‘s strength allows it to gradually encroach on their territory, eventually besieging their capitals. Han and Wei would then succumb to Qin‘s pressure, becoming Qin‘s vassals. If Han and Wei no longer pose a threat, the state of Zhao will be next in line.

    “As I examine the map of the realm, I see that the combined land area of all the other states is five times greater than that of Qin. It is estimated that these states possess ten times as many soldiers as Qin. If the six major states unite and launch a westward offensive against Qin, Qin will be overpowered.  There are consultants who will attempt to encourage other states to dole out territories to appease Qin‘s threat. They will be rich and famous if Qin gets its wish. They will not concern themselves with the danger Qin poses to their states. This is why you are seeing these lobbyists constantly urging you to cede land to pacify Qin.

    “Therefore, I implore you, your grace, to scrutinize their proposals. If I may offer a plan, it would be to unite the six states—Han, Wei, Qi, Chu, Yan, and Zhao—through marriage alliances to resist Qin‘s aggression. We can invite ministers and generals from all six states to a conference near the Huan River, forming an alliance by exchanging hostages as a guarantee. Our alliance charter will state: ‘All states shall send their finest soldiers to aid any state attacked by Qin or to retaliate against Qin. Any state violating this charter will face collective retaliation from the other five states.’ With all six states united against Qin, Qin‘s armored divisions will not dare to venture out of the Hangu Pass to threaten the states east of Xiao mountain.”

    Marquis Su of Zhao was greatly impressed by Su Qin‘s wisdom and appreciated his advice. He treated Su Qin with great honor, bestowing him with gifts and rewards, and entrusted him as his envoy to negotiate with the leaders of the other states.

    During this period, the army of Qin, under the leadership of Xi Shou [Gongsun Yan], launched a military campaign against the state of Wei. They defeated the Wei army of forty thousand troops, captured the Wei general Long Gu, and seized the city of Diaoyin. With the Qin army poised to advance further eastward, Su Qin became increasingly concerned that they would reach the state of Zhao before he could establish the alliance. He couldn’t think of anyone in Qin who would be willing to collaborate with him.

    In an act of chicanery, Su Qin deliberately angered his friend Zhang Yi, who was also a student of Master Guigu and had expertise in political strategy. Su Qin believed that Zhang Yi was more skilled than himself in this art. Zhang Yi had been traveling among various states trying to garner support for their cause but had found few willing listeners. He became stranded in the state of Chu.

    Su Qin summoned Zhang Yi to the state of Zhao and personally insulted him. This mistreatment infuriated Zhang Yi, who realized that only the state of Qin had the potential to pose a significant threat to Zhao. Consequently, he decided to travel westward to Qin, with the intention of aiding them in their campaign against the eastern states.

    Su Qin acted covertly by sending his servant along with Zhang Yi, providing him with gold coins for his journey. Zhang Yi used these resources to bribe his way into an audience with the King of Qin. The King was impressed with Zhang Yi‘s persuasive abilities and appointed him as an advisor.After successfully gaining the King of Qin’s favor, Zhang Yi’s servant bid him farewell and explained Su Qin‘s strategy. Su Qin had intentionally provoked Zhang Yi and then arranged for him to travel to Qin. This was all part of Su Qin‘s plan to ensure Zhang Yi could wield influence in Qin, preventing a Qin invasion of Zhao and preserving the alliance. Zhang Yi was deeply impressed by Su Qin‘s strategic acumen: ”Alas! This is my specialty and I did not even realize what happened!  It is obvious that Mr. Su is a superior strategist.  Please convey my gratitude to Mr. Su.  As long as he is in charge, Zhang Yi won’t interfere with his plan.”