Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance
By Sima Guang
Translated By Yiming Yang
Annals of Qin Book 1 Scroll 6 (continued)
The 18th year of the First Emperor(229 B.C.)
General Wang Jian led troops from the Shangdi region, General Qiang Hui led troops from the Jingjing region, and General Yang Duanhe led troops from the Henei region. These three prongs made a coordinated attack on the kingdom of Zhao. General Li Mu and General Sima Shang led the defense of Zhao. However, Qin’s agents had bribed Guo Kai, a favorite toady of the King of Zhao, with gold. Guo Kai smeared the reputations of Li Mu and Sima Shang in front of the king, accusing them of plotting a mutiny. The King of Zhao replaced Li Mu and Sima Shang with Zhao Cong and Yan Ju, a general from Qi.
Li Mu refused to relinquish his command and was arrested and killed by the king’s delegates. General Sima Shang was also dismissed. General Wang Jian then launched an attack, crushing the Zhao army and killing Zhao Cong. Yan Ju fled. Wang Jian laid siege to the city of Handan.
The 19th year of the First Emperor(228 B.C.)
In October of the winter, the capital city of Handan was breached. The King of Zhao, Zhao Qian, was captured, and all the land of Zhao was annexed by the kingdom of Qin. The King of Qin visited Handan, his birthplace, where he ordered the execution of anyone his mother’s family held a grudge against. He returned to the capital Xianyang via the cities of Taiyuan and Shangjun.
The Empress Dowager, the King’s mother, passed away.
General Wang Jian camped his troops in Zhongshan, overlooking the kingdom of Yan. A prince of Zhao, named Zhao Jia, led his clan of a few hundred people and fled to the commandery of Dai. He enthroned himself as King of Dai. More and more former officials of Zhao in exile joined Prince Zhao Jia, and they were reinforced by troops from the kingdom of Yan, eventually camping in Shanggu commandery.
King You of Chu died, and his brother Mi Shi was installed as the new king. In March of spring, Hao’s half-brother Fu Chu killed him and claimed the throne for himself.
King Jingmin of Wei died, and his son Wei Jia was installed as the new king.
The Crown Prince of Yan, Ji Dan, harbored deep hatred for the King of Qin. Seeking advice on how to exact revenge, he consulted his tutor, Ju Wu. Ju Wu proposed allying with the three kingdoms that had split from Jin, bonding with the kingdoms of Qi and Chu in the south, and fostering good relations with the Xiongnu in the north to unite all forces against Qin. However, the prince was not satisfied, saying, “Professor’s proposal takes too much time to implement and makes my head spin. I am afraid that I cannot wait that long.”
Soon after this conversation, a general named Fan Wuji fled from Qin to Yan to escape criminal charges. The Crown Prince Dan offered General Fan shelter. Ju Wu argued against it, saying, “As cruel and ruthless as the King of Qin is, being agitated by the kingdom of Yan is more than enough to send chills down our spines, let alone hosting General Fan. What we are doing is analogous to throwing meat on the trail of a hungry tiger. I beg Your Grace to send General Fan to Xiongnu immediately.”
The Crown Prince replied, “General Fan had nowhere to go. He came to me at a time when I needed fighters. I wish you would think it through.”
Ju Wu countered, “Taking risky actions to seek safety; getting into trouble to find happiness; plotting shallow gains in exchange for deep-rooted enmity; disregarding the harm to the state to earn a new personal friend—this is fanning hostility and inducing disasters.”
The Crown Prince would not heed his advice.
The Crown Prince of Yan learned that Jing Ke from the state of Wey was a mastermind. He sent lavish gifts and flattering letters to arrange a meeting with Jing Ke. When they met, the Crown Prince Ji Dan spoke: “Now the kingdom of Qin has already captured the King of Han. They have mobilized troops to attack the kingdom of Chu in the south and Zhao in the north. The turmoil will reach the kingdom of Yan once Zhao collapses. Yan is small and weak, and has been plagued by wars for years. How can we resist Qin‘s aggression? All the monarchs are submissive to Qin; no one dares to form a vertical alliance. I have a foolish idea. I think it would be best if we recruited a warrior to serve as an envoy to Qin and kidnap the King of Qin. The warrior would force the king to return the land he had annexed from the monarchs, as Cao Mo did to the Duke Huan of Qi in the past. Or he could assassinate the king if the first plan fails.”
“The generals of Qin are leading troops in various areas outside the kingdom. If there were commotions back home, the leaders and rank and file would be thrown into confusion and suspicion. The monarchs could seize this opportunity to form a vertical alliance. Then we will defeat the kingdom of Qin. Please keep this in mind, Mr. Jing.”
Jing Ke agreed. The prince invited Jing Ke to live in the best house and provided whatever he wanted. The prince paid daily visits to Jing Ke‘s house to satisfy his every desire.
When the news arrived that Wang Jian had demolished the kingdom of Zhao, the Crown Prince of Yan was frightened and wanted to send Jing Ke on his mission. Jing Ke told him, “If I go empty-handed and no one trusts me, I won’t be able to get close to the King of Qin. I need to present the head of General Fan Wuji and the map of the Duhang region of Yan as tributes to the King of Qin. This would please him, and then I would have the chance to repay your kindness.”
The Crown Prince of Yan hesitated, saying, “General Fan came to me when he was desperate. Dan cannot bear to harm him!”
Jing Ke went to see Fan Wuji in private and said, “The kingdom of Qin has treated you with extreme cruelty. Your parents and families were all slaughtered or enslaved. Now, I have heard that a bounty for your head is worth a thousand caddies of gold and a fief of ten thousand families. What are you going to do?”
Fan Wuji sobbed, “What should I do?”
Jing Ke proposed, “If I could take your head and present it to the King of Qin, he would be happy to see me. I would grab his sleeve with my left hand and stab him in the chest with my right hand. Your revenge would be taken, and the disgrace of the assault on the kingdom of Yan would be eradicated!”
Fan Wuji exclaimed, “That’s exactly what I have been grinding my teeth and breaking my heart over, day and night!”
Fan Wuji then slit his throat. The Crown Prince of Yan heard the news and ran over to cry over Fan Wuji‘s body in vain. They put Fan‘s head in a case. The Crown Prince procured the sharpest dagger they could find and quenched it in a poisonous potion that would kill a man instantly if it contaminates his blood. He geared up for Jing Ke’s journey and provided him with an assistant, a warrior of Yan named Qin Wuyang. Jing Ke then went to the kingdom of Qin as an envoy from Yan.
Reflection by Rio Grande 
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