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Tag: Kuang Heng

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 252): Imperial Adoption

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang 

    Annals of Han Book 24 Scroll 32 (continued)

    A Jade Disk Excavated from the Tomb of Prince of Dingtao

    The 1st year of Emperor Cheng’s Suihe Era (8 B.C.)

    In the first month of spring, a general amnesty was proclaimed throughout the empire.

    The Emperor summoned the Chancellor Zhai Fangjin, Grand Master of the Censorate Kong Guang, General of the Right Lian Bao, and General of the Rear Zhu Bo to the inner court to deliberate on the selection of an heir between the Prince of Zhongshan and the Prince of Dingtao. Zhai Fangjin, Wang Gen, Lian Bao, and Zhu Bo all held that “the Prince of Dingtao, Liu Xin, is the son of the Emperor’s younger brother. The Book of Rites states: ‘The son of a brother is as one’s own son; when established as heir, he becomes imperial son.’ Therefore, the Prince of Dingtao ought to be named heir.”

    Kong Guang alone dissented, arguing: “The Rites give precedence to closeness of kinship in establishing an heir. The Book of Documents, in the chapter Pan Geng, records that during the Shang dynasty succession passed from elder brother to younger brother. The Prince of Zhongshan is the son of the late Emperor and the Emperor’s own younger brother; he should therefore be the heir.”

    The Emperor rejected Kong Guang’s view, stating that “the Prince of Zhongshan lacks capability; moreover, according to the Rites, brothers may not enter the same ancestral temple.” Accordingly, on February 9, an edict was issued appointing the Prince of Dingtao, Liu Xin, as Crown Prince. Feng Shen, the affinal uncle and Grand Master of Remonstration of the Prince of Zhongshan, was enfeoffed as Marquis of Yixiang, and the Zhongshan princedom was augmented by thirty thousand households as compensation.

    The Bearer of the Mace, Ren Hong, was appointed Grand Herald and dispatched to summon the Prince of Dingtao. Liu Xin submitted a memorial expressing reluctance, saying: “I lack the competency and virtue required for the position of Crown Prince. I wish to remain in the residence of the Prince of Dingtao in the capital, attending daily upon the court and awaiting the birth of a worthy heir, after which I may return to my princedom and serve as a vassal.” The memorial was presented to the Emperor, who took note of it.

    On February 14, Kong Guang was demoted to Minister of Justice for opposing the decision on the heir, and He Wu was appointed Grand Master of the Censorate.

    Earlier, an edict had sought descendants of the Yin (Shang) dynasty, but those descendants were found to have split into more than ten surnames, and the direct line of succession could not be determined. Kuang Heng and Mei Fu both proposed that the descendants of Confucius be appointed as successors to the Yin dynasty. The Emperor approved and granted Kong Ji the title of Marquis Shaojia of Yin. In March, Kong Ji and the Marquis Chengxiu of Zhou, were both elevated to the rank of duke, each receiving a fief one hundred li in extent.

    The Emperor visited Yong and performed sacrifices at the Five-Deity Altar.

    While serving as Minister of Justice, He Wu submitted a proposal, stating: “The decline of customs and the increasing complexity of government affairs mean that present-day chancellors cannot compare with those of antiquity. The Chancellor alone now manages the affairs of the three highest offices, which is why state business has long been neglected and left unresolved. The Three Excellencies should be reestablished.” The Emperor agreed.

    In April of summer, the Emperor bestowed the seal of the Grand Marshal upon Wang Gen, Marquis of Quyang, and established a public office for him, while abolishing the post of General of Agile Cavalry. He appointed He Wu, Grand Master of the Censorate, as Grand Excellency of Works and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Fanxiang. These offices were accorded honors equivalent to those of the chancellery, thus constituting the three highest offices.

    In autumn, on August 8, Liu Xing, Prince of Zhongshan, died.

    Xiongnu Juya Chanyu also died. His younger brother Nangzhiyasi succeeded him as Wuzhuliu Ruodi Chanyu. Wuzhuliu Chanyu appointed his younger brother Yue as Left Tuqi King and Yu as Right Tuqi King. The Han dispatched General of the Household Xiahou Fan and Lieutenant Colonel Han Rong as envoys to the Xiongnu.

    Someone informed Wang Gen: “There is a tract of Xiongnu land wedged deep into Han territory, extending as far as Zhangye Commandery. It produces distinctive resources, such as timber suitable for arrows and eagle feathers. If this land were obtained, it would greatly benefit the frontier: the state would gain abundant resources, expand its territory, and the general’s reputation would be enhanced without limit.”

    Wang Gen relayed this proposal to the Emperor, who was inclined to request the land directly from the Chanyu. However, fearing that a refusal might undermine imperial authority and damage the Emperor’s prestige, Wang Gen disclosed the Emperor’s intention to Xiahou Fan and instructed him to present the request as his own initiative. When Xiahou Fan reached the Xiongnu court, he addressed Wuzhuliu Chanyu, saying: “I have observed that the Xiongnu possess land that intrudes into Han territory as far as Zhangye Commandery. The Han maintain three commandant posts along the frontier, with hundreds of soldiers enduring cold and hardship and suffering prolonged exhaustion. The Chanyu should submit a letter offering this land, straightening the boundary. This would reduce the burden on the commandants and troops, repay the Emperor’s favor, and the recompense from Han would surely be generous.”

    Wuzhuliu Chanyu asked, “Is this an imperial edict, or merely a request from the ambassador?”

    Xiahou Fan replied, “It reflects the intent of an edict, though I am also presenting it here as a proposal for the Chanyu’s consideration.”

    The Chanyu said, “This land is occupied by King Wenyutu. We are not fully aware of its extent or resources. Let me dispatch a man to inquire into it.”

    Xiahou Fan and Han Rong returned to Han. Later, they were again sent as envoys to the Xiongnu and renewed the request for the land.

    The Chanyu responded: “Our ancestors have held this land for five generations. The Han never sought it before—why do they do so now? I have already consulted King Wenyutu. The western vassals of the Xiongnu built their yurts and carts from the timber of this mountain, and it was also land of my late father, which we dare not relinquish.”

    Xiahou Fan returned and was demoted to Prefect of Taiyuan. Wuzhuliu Chanyu sent a letter to the Han detailing Xiahou Fan’s request for the land. An imperial edict replied to the Chanyu: “Xiahou Fan falsely claimed the intent of an edict in requesting land from the Chanyu, an offense punishable by death. However, in light of two recent general amnesties, he has been reassigned as Prefect of Jinan and is henceforth forbidden from ever going to the Xiongnu.”

    In winter, on October 14, Wang Gen fell ill and was relieved of his duties.

    Since the Crown Prince, Liu Xin, had already been adopted as the Emperor’s heir, he could no longer attend to the sacrifices of his own forefathers. In November, the Emperor therefore appointed Liu Jing, grandson of the Prince of Chu, as Prince of Dingtao, to continue the lineage of Liu Kang, Prince Gong of Dingtao. The Crown Prince wished to present his gratitude by genuflection. The Junior Tutor, Yan Chong, argued: “According to the rites, one who has been adopted as heir may not attend to private kinship, nor is it proper for him to offer genuflection.” The Grand Tutor, Zhao Xuan, held that genuflection to one’s father should be allowed, and the Crown Prince agreed with him. An edict was issued to inquire into the grounds for this open expression of gratitude. The Minister of the State Secretariat submitted a memorial impeaching Zhao Xuan, and the Emperor demoted him to Privy Treasurer; the Chamberlain Shi Dan was appointed Grand Tutor in his place.

    When the Crown Prince was young, his grandmother, Queen Dowager Fu, personally raised and cared for him. After he was established as Crown Prince, an edict directed that Queen Dowager Fu and the Crown Prince’s mother, Consort Ding, should reside separately at the Dingtao official lodge in the capital and not see him regularly. After some time, Empress Dowager Wang proposed that Queen Dowager Fu and Consort Ding be allowed to visit the Crown Prince’s palace once every ten days. The Emperor replied: “The Crown Prince is the heir to the throne and should serve Your Majesty together with us; he should not attend to private relatives.”

    Empress Dowager Wang said: “The Crown Prince was small, and Queen Dowager Fu raised him. Now, visiting the Crown Prince’s residence is merely an expression of affection from his nurse and does not constitute impropriety.” Accordingly, Queen Dowager Fu was permitted to visit the Crown Prince’s palace, while Consort Ding, who had not raised him, was not allowed to do so.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 248): Greatest Peril to A State

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang  

    Annals of Han Book 23 Scroll 31 (continued)

    Young man with a zipper closed over his lips, symbolizing silence
    Shut Your Mouth

    The 3rd year of Emperor Cheng’s Yongshi Era (14 B.C.)

    In spring, on January 31, a solar eclipse occurred.

    Earlier, the Emperor had followed the advice of Kuang Heng and abolished the Taiyi(North Star) Altar at Ganquan. On that very day, a violent wind struck the Bamboo Palace at Ganquan, breaking and uprooting more than a hundred trees—each with a circumference of ten men’s embraces or more—within the precincts of the Taiyi Altar. The Emperor found this extraordinary and asked Liu Xiang for his view. Liu Xiang replied:

    “Even a single household does not wish to sever its ancestral rites—how much less should the state abandon its ancient altars dedicated to the deities. Moreover, when the altars at Ganquan, Fenyin, and the Five-Deity Altar at Yong were first established, each was preceded by divine signs and miraculous responses; they were not founded lightly. In the reigns of Emperor Wu and Emperor Xuan, these three gods were worshiped with full ritual and reverence, and their numinous power was especially manifest. The sacred sites established by our ancestors are truly not easy to alter. Previously, in accepting Gong Yu’s proposal, Your predecessor abolished these altars, and later administrations followed suit, though the basis for doing so was shaky. The Great Commentary to the Book of Changes says, ‘To deceive the spirits brings calamity upon three generations.’ I am afraid that the blame will not end with Gong Yu and his ilk.”

    The Emperor thereafter harbored resentment toward Gong Yu. As he had long been without an heir, in winter, on October 5, he reported to the Empress Dowager and ordered the officials to restore the Taiyi Altar at Ganquan, the Earth Altar at Fenyin, the Five-Deity Altar at Yong, the Treasure Ancestral Temple[for a meteorite] at Chencang, as well as the renowned altars in Chang’an and the celebrated temples in the various princedoms, all to their former state.

    At that time, the Emperor, still without an heir, had become deeply interested in spirits and supernatural practices. Many people submitted writings on rituals and occult arts, and crowds sought audiences to discuss such matters. The expenses for sacrifices and ceremonies grew exceedingly heavy. Gu Yong advised the Emperor, saying:

    “I have heard that those who understand the nature of Heaven and Earth cannot be deceived by supernatural phenomena, and those who comprehend the nature of all things cannot be misled by the falsehoods of occultists. Those who abandon the upright path of benevolence and righteousness, who do not follow the teachings of the Five Classics, but instead exalt esoteric spirits and portents, expand sacrifices to futile shrines in search of blessings, claim that immortals walk among men, take elixirs said to prolong life without end, and practice alchemy promising levitation and miraculous transformations—these are all charlatans who delude the multitude. They harbor hidden designs and falsehoods to deceive the rulers of the world. To listen to them is to have one’s ears filled with things that seem attainable, yet to pursue them is like trying to seize the wind or grasp a shadow—utterly impossible. Therefore, wise kings keep their distance from such practices and do not heed them, and sages avoid speaking of them altogether.

    “In former times, when the First Emperor of Qin sent Xu Fu with men and women across the seas to seek immortals and elixirs, they fled and never returned, sowing resentment throughout the realm. After the rise of the Han, figures such as Xin Yuanping, Li Shaoweng of Qi, Gongsun Qing, and Luan Da all gained notoriety through deceitful arts and were ultimately executed for their frauds. Only if Your Majesty keeps such practices at a distance can you prevent swindlers from gaining access to the court.”

    The Emperor approved what Gu Yong said.

    In November, thirteen men of Weishi county, including Fan Bing, plotted rebellion. They killed the Prefect of Chenliu, plundered officials and commoners, and proclaimed themselves generals. Corvée laborers Li Tan, Cheng Zhong, Zhong Zu, and Zi Shun joined together to kill Fan Bing and were lauded in the court; all were enfeoffed as marquises.

    In December, two hundred and twenty-eight corvée laborers under the Iron Production Office of Shanyang, led by Su Ling, rose in revolt. They attacked and killed the chief officials, seized weapons from the armory, and styled themselves generals. Passing through nineteen commanderies and principalities, they killed the Prefect of Dongjun and the Commandant of Runan. Yan Xin, Prefect of Runan, captured and beheaded Su Ling and his cohorts. Yan Xin was promoted to Grand Minister of Agriculture.

    Mei Fu of Jiujiang, formerly Commandant of Nanchang, submitted a memorial:

    “In the past Emperor Gaozu of Han accepted worthy counsel as though he could never take in fast enough of it and followed remonstrance as smoothly as a wheel turns. In hearing men’s words, he did not inquire into their credentials; in advancing men for merit, he did not scrutinize their previous status or past deeds. Chen Ping rose from the condition of a fugitive to become chief counselor; Han Xin was lifted from the ranks and established as Supreme General. Therefore, the gentlemen of all under Heaven gathered like clouds and attached to Han, competing to present what was rare and extraordinary: the wise exhausted their stratagems, the dull poured out their thoughts, the brave exerted the utmost of their integrity, and even the timid strove to the point of death. By uniting the wisdom of the world and combining the might of the world, he lifted Qin as though it were a swan’s feather and took Chu as though picking up what had been cast aside. This is why Emperor Gaozu stood without equal in All-under-Heaven.

    “Emperor Wu admired loyal counsel and cherished wise words, bestowing titles without waiting for local recommendation and granting rewards without requiring conspicuous merit. As a result, commoners from across the realm sharpened their ambitions and devoted their efforts to the court, with countless men presenting their talents. Thus, the Han dynasty flourished in its ability to attract worthy individuals. Yet had Emperor Wu fully heeded their plans, a reign of peace might have been achieved. Instead, bodies were heaped and bones lay exposed, merely to satisfy his desire of conquering the nomads and the Yue peoples, leading to the rebellion of Prince of Huainan, Liu An. The reason Liu An’s plots were uncovered and his schemes leaked was that so many virtuous men had gathered at the imperial court that the ministers of Prince of Huainan hesitated and dared not conspire.

    “Nowadays, commoners, peering into the state’s weaknesses and seizing opportunities to rebel—like those in Shu Commandery and the runaway Su Ling’s band in Shanyang, who invaded major cities and commanderies seeking allies and followers—show that they fear no officials. The state’s authority is light, so even ordinary men dare to contend with the Emperor. Talented individuals are the nation’s vital assets: to gain them is to grow strong, to lose them is to display weakness. The Book of Songs says, ‘A multitude of worthy men brought peace under King Wen of Zhou.’

    “The deliberations of the imperial court are not meant to be spoken of by those in the fields or in straw huts. I am afraid that my body may become fodder for wild grass and my corpse lie among the fallen soldiers; thus I have repeatedly sought an audience, only to be dismissed. I have heard that in the time of Duke Huan of Qi, there were those who presented even a multiplication table, and Duke Huan did not reject them, seeking thereby to draw in greatness. What I now submit is far more than a multiplication table, yet Your Majesty has dismissed me three times. This is why the talents of the world do not come forward.

    “In former days, when King Wu of Qin admired strength, he allowed Ren Bi to knock at the gates to recommend himself. Duke Mu of Qin achieved preeminence when You Yu returned from the Western Rong and aligned with him. If Your Majesty wishes to attract the talents of the world, then whenever someone petitions for an audience, refer him at once to the State Secretariat. If his words are worthy of adoption, reward him with a modest stipend and a bolt of silk. This will encourage scholars throughout the realm to speak their true minds and offer wise strategies day by day. Then the world will be set in order, and the state, within and without, will be clear and transparent.

    “Considering the vastness of the Four Seas and the multitude of scholars and commoners, many are able to speak with insight. Yet those who can eloquently articulate policies, present well-formed arguments, test their ideas against the sages of antiquity, and apply them aptly to present affairs are few. Thus, titles and bolts of silk are the whetstones of the world—this is how Emperor Gaozu honed and sharpened the blades of his age. Confucius said, ‘A craftsman who wishes to perfect his work must first sharpen his tools.’ The Qin dynasty, however, failed to follow this principle: it cast nets of slander that drove talent to Han, turning its own blade against itself and handing the hilt to Chu. By not losing the handle, even amid disorder in the realm, no one would dare challenge its edge. In this way Emperor Wu expanded the frontiers, established great achievements, and became the revered progenitor of the Han.

    “Now, Your Majesty, not only do you refuse to receive the words of the people, you slew them for speaking out. When hawks and magpies are harmed, the phoenix flies away; when the foolish are punished, the wise retreat even farther. Recently, many unlearned commoners have submitted petitions, often violating minor statutes, and many have been handed over to the Minister of Justice and executed. Since the Yangshuo era, people throughout the empire have regarded speaking out as a taboo, especially at court. The ministers all conform to Your Majesty’s wishes, and none hold fast to what is right. How, then, can the truth be heard? Take those petitions from the people that Your Majesty approves and refer them to the Minister of Justice; he will surely reply, ‘This is not fit to be discussed; it is gravely disrespectful.’ Try this, and it will not fail.

    “The former Intendant of Jingzhao, Wang Zhang, was by nature loyal and plain-spoken. He dared to argue directly at court, and Emperor Yuan promoted him to rouse the ministers and correct the court’s faults. Yet in Your Majesty’s reign he and his family were put to death. When one punishes evil, the penalty should fall on the person alone. Wang Zhang did not commit treason, yet his entire household was destroyed—breaking the spirit of upright officials and silencing those who would remonstrate. All the ministers knew this was wrong, yet none dared to speak. The greatest peril to a state is when the public is afraid to speak their minds. I beg Your Majesty to follow the path of Emperor Gaozu, avoid the errors of fallen Qin, abolish trivial statutes, and issue an edict encouraging free expression. Then Your Majesty will hear widely, seek counsel even from the humble, and ensure that deep thinkers are not concealed and distant voices not cut off. This is what is called ‘opening the four gates and clearing four views.’

    “The past cannot be undone, but the future can still be set right. At present, ministers violate imperial decrees, the Emperor’s authority is diminished, and the power of affinal relatives grows by the day. If Your Majesty does not see their actions, then at least perceive their effects. Since the Jianshi era, solar eclipses and earthquakes have occurred at triple the frequency recorded in earlier times in the Spring and Autumn Annals, and floods have been innumerable and without precedent. Yin forces flourish while Yang declines; molten metal and iron fly like stars. What do such signs foretell?

    “Since the founding of the Han dynasty, there have been three great crises to the state: the Lü clan, the Huo clan, and the Shangguan clan—all families of empresses. The proper way to treat kin is to support them with worthy teachers and good mentors, instructing them in loyalty and filial piety. Yet instead they are honored and indulged, given high office, and allowed to grow arrogant and unruly, bringing about their own destruction. This is a profound failure in the governance of kinship.

    “Even one as virtuous as Huo Guang could not secure the future of his descendants, showing that when the power of great ministers changes hands, danger inevitably follows. The Book of Documents says, ‘Do not be like fire, which begins with a single spark.’ When a minister’s power overshadows the ruler and his authority rises above that of the sovereign, it is already too late to avert calamity.”

    The Emperor did not accept this counsel.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 235): Paying Procrastination Tax

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang  

    Annals of Han Book 22 Scroll 30 (continued)

    Jindi Bridge, Puyang, Henan Province

    The 4th year of Emperor Cheng’s Jianshi Era (29 B.C.)

    In April of summer, snow fell.

    In late autumn, peach and plum trees bore fruit.

    Heavy rain fell for more than ten days, causing the Yellow River to breach the Jindi River Embankment in Dongjun Commandery. Earlier, Feng Qun, Commandant of Qinghe, had submitted a report stating: “This commandery lies downstream of the Yellow River, where the soil is light and prone to collapse. The absence of major disasters in recent times has been due to the Tunshi River connecting two streams and diverting the flow. Now that the Tunshi River is blocked, the Lingmingdu Outlet has become even more obstructed, leaving a single channel to bear the force of several rivers. Even if the embankments are raised, this cannot ultimately relieve the pressure. Should rain continue for ten days, an overflow will be inevitable.

    “The former courses of the Nine Rivers are now obliterated and difficult to trace, but the Tunshi River, having only recently been blocked, can easily be dredged. Its position is high, making it suitable for dispersing the water’s force and for constructing a water-control project. Dredging it would enable the Yellow River to discharge floodwaters and serve as a contingency against emergencies. If repairs are not undertaken in advance, a northern breach will damage four or five commanderies, while a southern breach will affect more than ten commanderies. To worry only after disaster strikes will be too late.”

    The matter was referred to the Chancellor and the Grand Master of the Censorate, who recommended dispatching the Erudite Xu Shang to conduct an inspection. Xu Shang proposed: “Given the present lack of funds, dredging may be deferred.”

    Three years later, the Yellow River indeed breached at Guantao and at the Jindi River Embankment in Dongjun Commandery, flooding Yanzhou and Yuzhou and reaching Pingyuan, Qiancheng, and Jinan. In total, four commanderies and thirty-two counties were inundated, submerging more than 150,000 acres of land, with depths reaching thirty feet in some places. Nearly forty thousand official pavilions and private dwellings were destroyed.

    In November of winter, the Emperor severely reprimanded Yin Zhong, Grand Master of the Censorate, for his ineffective and erroneous flood-control measures, accusing him of dereliction of duty. Yin Zhong thereupon committed suicide.

    The Grand Minister of Agriculture, Fei Diao, was dispatched to oversee the distribution of money and grain to the commanderies affected by the Yellow River floods. Two court ushers were sent east of Henan to mobilize five hundred boats, and more than ninety-seven thousand people were relocated to high ground to escape the floodwaters.

    On November 20, Zhang Zhong, the Privy Treasurer, was appointed Grand Master of the Censorate.

    Bandits in the southern mountains, led by Peng Zong and numbering several hundred, were inflicting harm on officials and civilians. The Emperor issued an edict deploying one thousand troops to suppress them, yet after more than a year they could not be captured. Someone advised the Grand General Wang Feng, saying: “When several hundred bandits operate at our very doorstep and cannot be apprehended, it is difficult to display authority to the foreign tribes. Only by selecting an outstanding Intendant of Jingzhao can this be resolved.”

    Wang Feng recommended the former Magistrate of Gaoling, Wang Zun, who was summoned to serve as Grandee of Remonstrance and Commandant of Jingzhao, acting as Intendant of Jingzhao. Within a few months, the bandits were eliminated, and Wang Zun was thereafter formally appointed Intendant of Jingzhao.

    At the beginning of the Emperor’s reign, Chancellor Kuang Heng reported: “Chen Tang, Colonel of Shooting the Sound, while serving as an envoy of the two-thousand-picul rank, conducted himself improperly among the barbarians and stole treasures from Kangju, instructing his subordinates that ‘matters in distant territories are not subject to scrutiny.’ Although this occurred before the amnesty, he should not be allowed to hold office.” In consequence, Chen Tang was dismissed without formal charges. Later, Chen Tang reported that the hostage prince of Kangju was not the king’s son; upon investigation, however, it was found that the hostage was indeed the king’s son. Chen Tang was then imprisoned and faced the death penalty.

    The Grandee of the Palace, Gu Yong, submitted a memorial in Chen Tang’s defense, saying: “I have heard that when Chu had Cheng Dechen (courtesy name Ziyu), Duke Wen of Jin lost sleep over him; when Zhao had Lian Po and Lord Mafu, mighty Qin did not dare to advance through Jingxing Pass; and in more recent times, when the Han had Zhi Du and Wei Shang, the Xiongnu did not dare to move south of the Gobi. From this it may be said that victorious generals are the claws and fangs of the state and ought to be highly prized. A gentleman, upon hearing the drums of war, thinks of the ministers who serve as generals.

    “I have observed that the Marquis within the Passes, Chen Tang, who formerly beheaded Zhizhi, struck fear into all the barbarians and extended the military might of Han to the Western Seas. Since the founding of Han, there has been no such exemplary general who has led expeditions beyond the borders. Now Chen Tang is imprisoned for a minor fault of speech, detained for a long time without resolution, while the judicial officers intend to impose the death penalty.

    “In former times, Bai Qi of Qin conquered Yingdu in the south and buried Zhao Kuo alive in the north, yet was granted death at Duyou for a small fault. The people of Qin pitied him and wept. Today, Chen Tang personally wielded the axe and led troops thousands of miles, achieving merits that should be recorded in  the ancestral temple and reported to Heaven. The armored soldiers admire his righteousness. His error of speech does not constitute a grave offense. The Book of Zhou says, ‘Record a man’s merits and forget his faults; this is fitting for a lord.’ Even dogs and horses that serve men are given honorable burials; how much more should the state’s meritorious officers be so treated?

    “I fear that if Your Majesty disregards the sound of the war drums and does not heed the wisdom of the Book of Zhou, forgetting the principle of rewarding service, treating Chen Tang as an ordinary and undistinguished minister, and follows the judges’ proposal to condemn him, the people will harbor deep resentment, as did the people of Qin. This is not the way to encourage loyal ministers who face death and hardship for the sake of the state.”

    Upon receiving the memorial, the Emperor released Chen Tang from prison, stripped him of his marquisate, and reduced him to the status of a common soldier.

    Around this time, the Protector-General (Viceroy) of the Western Regions, Duan Huizong, was besieged by Wusun forces. A courier brought word and requested that troops be dispatched from the various western kingdoms and from Dunhuang for his relief. Chancellor Wang Shang, Grand General Wang Feng, and the other high ministers deliberated for several days without reaching a decision. Wang Feng then proposed: “Chen Tang is known for his strategic insight and familiarity with foreign affairs. We should consult him.”

    The Emperor summoned Chen Tang to the Xuanshi Hall. Chen Tang, who had suffered frostbite during his campaign against Zhizhi, had arms that could no longer be fully extended. When he entered, an edict exempted him from performing the bow of salutation, and he was shown Duan Huizong’s memorial. Chen Tang replied, “I believe there is no cause for concern.”

    The Emperor asked, “Why do you say so?”

    Chen Tang answered: “In combat, barbarian soldiers are but one-fifth the worth of Han soldiers, for their weapons are blunt and their bows and crossbows ineffective. Even though they have lately acquired some of our techniques, they are still no more than one-third as effective. Moreover, the Art of War says, ‘When the attacking force is twice that of the defender, the two are evenly matched.’ The troops besieging Duan Huizong are insufficient to overcome him; Your Majesty need not be anxious. Furthermore, light troops can march fifty li a day, and heavy troops thirty. If relief forces are summoned from the nomad kingdoms and from Dunhuang, they will require time to arrive and will be better suited for retaliation than for immediate rescue.”

    The Emperor asked, “What, then, should be done? Can the siege be broken, and when?”

    Chen Tang, knowing that the Wusun forces were loosely allied and unable to sustain a prolonged siege, and recalling past instances of short encirclements, replied, “The siege must already have been lifted.” Counting on his fingers, he added, “Within five days we will hear good news.”Four days later, a military report arrived confirming that the siege had indeed been raised. Thereupon, Grand General Wang Feng recommended appointing Chen Tang as Gentleman of the Central Staff, with all major decisions in the Grand General’s office to be entrusted to his discretion.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 233): Tame Libido with Rituals

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang  

    Annals of Han Book 22 Scroll 30

    Duration of 10 years

    Bao Si, A Legendary Beauty serving the King You of Zhou.

    The 1st year of Emperor Cheng’s Jianshi Era (32 B.C.)

    In the spring, on January 1, a fire broke out at the temple of the late Emperor’s(Emperor Xuan) father (Liu Jin, also known as the Imperial Grandson Shi).

    Shi Xian was transferred to the post of Grand Coachman of the Changxin Palace, with emoluments equivalent to the two-thousand-picul rank. With this reassignment, Shi Xian lost his protection and authority. Thereupon, the Chancellor and the Grand Master of the Censorate submitted a memorial detailing Shi Xian’s past misconduct. His associates, Lao Liang and Chen Shun, were likewise dismissed from office. Shi Xian, together with his wife and children, was exiled to his native place. Stricken with grief, he refused food and died on the journey.

    All those who had obtained official appointments through their association with Shi Xian were dismissed. The Privy Treasurer, Wulu Chongzong, was demoted to Prefect of Xuantu Commandery, and the Censor-in-chief, Yi Jia, was appointed Commandant of Yanmen.

    The Colonel of the Capital Inspectorate (f.k.a. Colonel of Retainers), Wang Zun of Zhuojun, submitted a proposal for impeachment, stating: “Chancellor Kuang Heng and Grand Master of the Censorate Zhang Tan knew that Shi Xian and others had monopolized power, exercised authority arbitrarily, and inflicted grave harm and suffering throughout the empire. They failed to report these crimes promptly or enforce punishment, but instead flattered and accommodated them, deceiving their superiors and misleading the state, harboring wickedness and sowing disorder, thereby neglecting the duty of high ministers to assist in governance. Such conduct occurred before the amnesty decree and might therefore be pardoned. After the amnesty, however, Kuang Heng and Zhang Tan impeached Shi Xian. Rather than confessing their own disloyalty, they praised the former Emperor for employing subversive individuals, falsely asserting, ‘The officials feared Shi Xian more than the Sovereign,’ thereby belittling the Sovereign and exalting the ministers. This is inappropriate and undermines the dignity of senior ministers.”

    Thereupon, Kuang Heng, ashamed and fearful, removed his cap and offered an apology, submitting the seal and ribbon of his offices as Chancellor and Marquis. The Emperor, having only recently ascended the throne and being unwilling to impose severe punishment on a senior minister, demoted Wang Zun to the post of Magistrate of Gaoling. Many among the subordinate officials, however, supported Wang Zun. Kuang Heng, deeply uneasy and taciturn, repeatedly requested permission to resign whenever floods or droughts occurred. Each time, the Emperor issued edicts to console and reassure him and did not grant his resignation.

    The younger brother of the late Prince of Hejian, Liu Liang, who was serving as Prefect of the Shangjun Armory, was appointed the new Prince of Hejian.

    A comet appeared in the Encampment constellation.

    An amnesty was proclaimed throughout the empire.

    On February 28, the Emperor rewarded his maternal uncles and their dependents. He conferred upon his maternal uncle Wang Chong—previously a Grandee of Merit and a Marquis within the Passes—the title of Marquis of Ancheng. He also granted the titles of Marquis within the Passes to his maternal uncles Wang Tan, Wang Shang, Wang Li, Wang Gen, and Wang Fengshi.

    In April of summer, a yellow haze filled the air in all directions. The Emperor issued an edict broadly consulting the Three Excellencies and the ministers, instructing them to speak without restraint. The Grandee of Remonstrance Yang Xing, the Erudite Si Sheng, and others all stated: “This signifies an excess of Yin overwhelming the Yang “Qi”. According to the covenant of Emperor Gaozu, only those with meritorious service were to be enfeoffed as marquises. Now the brothers of the Empress Dowager have all been made marquises without merit—an unprecedented act for imperial relatives—and thus Heaven has manifested this anomaly.” Accordingly, the Grand General Wang Feng, in fear, submitted a memorial requesting to resign and retire, but the Emperor, by a gracious edict, did not permit it.

    The Censor-in-Chief Xue Xuan of Donghai submitted a memorial, saying: “Your Majesty’s utmost virtue and benevolence are profound, yet baleful influences still persist, and the harmony of Yin and Yang remains disturbed. This is likely due to the severity imposed by many officials. Provincial inspectors often fail to adhere to their proper duties and act according to personal inclination, intruding excessively into the affairs of commanderies and counties, opening the way for private interests, listening to slanderers and flatterers, seeking faults among officials and commoners, and punishing even minor infractions, while demanding obligations beyond their capacity. As a result, commanderies and counties are burdened and, in turn, they oppress the common people. Thus, mutual hospitality among communities is neglected; the nine degrees of kinship forget their bonds; assistance in times of need declines; and the rites of sending off and welcoming are no longer observed. When human relationships are obstructed, the harmony of Yin and Yang is disrupted, and the vital Qi cannot circulate freely. This may indeed be the cause.

    “The Book of Songs says, ‘When the people lose their virtue, they fall into disorder through petty offenses.’ A common saying holds, ‘Harsh governance estranges kinship, and excessive labor diminishes good fortune.’ When provincial inspectors submit their reports, it would be appropriate to instruct them clearly in the essential duties of the imperial court.”

    The Emperor approved and adopted his counsel.

    In August, two moons appeared in succession, visible in the east at dawn.

    In December of winter, construction began on the southern and northern suburban altars of Chang’an. The sacrifices at Ganquan and Fenyin were abolished, along with the extravagant embellishments of the Purple Altar, the choirs of girls and boys, imperial carriages with jingling horse bells, sacrificial crimson horses, dragon-horse statues, and stone altars.

    The 2nd year of Emperor Cheng’s Jianshi Era (31 B.C.)

    In January of spring, the sacrifices at the Five Deities Altar in Yong County and at the Chenbao(a meteorite found in Chencang) Shrine were abolished, all in accordance with the proposals of Kuang Heng. On January 23, the Emperor for the first time performed the suburban sacrifice at the southern suburbs of Chang’an. He granted amnesty to exiles serving sentences in Fengjiao County and to convicts in the capital region whose punishments were lighter than shaving the hair and beard, and he reduced the nationwide tax levy by forty coins per person.

    In the intercalary month, Weicheng City and Yanling Pavilion were designated as the initial burial site for the new Emperor.

    On March 14, the Emperor for the first time offered sacrifices to Earth at the northern suburbs.

    On March 19, he established Lady Xu as Empress. The Empress was the daughter of the General of Chariots and Cavalry, Xu Jia. Emperor Yuan, lamenting that his mother, Empress Gong’ai Xu Pingjun, had held her rank only briefly before falling victim to the injustices of the Huo family, therefore chose Xu Jia’s daughter as consort for his Crown Prince (the future Emperor Cheng).

    When the Emperor was still Crown Prince, he was known for his lust for beauty; after he ascended the throne, the Empress Dowager ordered the selection of daughters from reputable families to fill the harem. Du Qin, Magistrate of the Armory under the Grand General, admonished Grand General Wang Feng, saying:

    “According to the rites of antiquity, the Son of Heaven marries nine women at one time, thereby ensuring the flourishing and continuity of the ancestral line. Though younger women in time lose their youth, they are not replaced, so as to preserve the lord’s longevity and prevent contention. Thus, when the empress and concubines possess virtuous conduct, their descendants will be wise and noble lords; when the system is dignified and orderly, the lord will enjoy a long and prosperous life. If these rites are discarded, the lord may become obsessed with women; once such obsession goes unchecked, his lifespan will not extend to old age. 

    “Men of fifty still retain strong desires, while women of forty have already changed in appearance. To have a man still full of desire served by a woman whose appearance has altered, without the restraint of ritual, cannot quell the dominance of lust and will give rise to aberrant conduct. Aberrant conduct, in turn, causes the rightful Empress to harbor doubts and the concubines to breed rivalry and discord, thereby endangering the position of the legitimate heir. This is why Duke Xian of Jin was deceived by slanders, and Prince Shensheng suffered an unjust death.

    “Now the enlightened Sovereign, though in the prime of life, has as yet no heir. He remains devoted to learning and has not been reproached for indulging among empresses and concubines. General Wang, as you are chaperon in governing the state, it is fitting at the outset of this flourishing era to establish the system of the nine women, carefully selecting from families of upright conduct and righteousness, and seeking those of virtue. There is no need to require beauty, musical skill, or talents for entertainment, so as to set a great and enduring law for all ages. Be ever wary of the allure of beauty, for the poem ‘Xiaobian’ in the Book of Songs offers a chilling warning, recounting how King You of Zhou deposed his queen, took Bao Si as his favorite, and drove away the Crown Prince. I hope the General will always keep this concern in mind.”

    Wang Feng reported this to the Empress Dowager, who replied that there was no such precedent in Han. Wang Feng therefore could not establish the system on his own and simply followed existing practice.

    Wang Feng held Du Qin in great esteem and accordingly placed him on his staff. Matters of state and policy were often discussed with Du Qin, and Wang Feng frequently praised him as a learned man who rectified errors and supplied what was lacking. Many of the sound policies of the time originated with Du Qin.

    The Xiongnu ruler, Chanyu Huhanye, favored two nieces of his Left Yizhizi King, both daughters of his elder brother. The elder niece, Zhuanqu Yanzhi (the Queen), bore him two sons: the elder, Jumoche, and the younger, Nangzhiyasi. The younger niece became the principal consort, the Great Yanzhi, and bore him four sons: the eldest, Diaotaomogao; the second, Jumixu—both older than Jumoche—and the younger sons, Xian and Le, both younger than Nangzhiyasi. In addition, he had more than ten sons by other consorts.

    Zhuanqu Yanzhi was greatly honored, and Jumoche was deeply favored. When Huhanye fell gravely ill and approached death, he wished to establish Jumoche as his successor. Zhuanqu Yanzhi said: “The Xiongnu have been in turmoil for more than ten years, and their survival has hung by a single thread. It was only through the support of the Han that stability was restored. Now peace has endured but a short time, and the people are still recovering from the wounds of war. Jumoche is young, and the people have not yet rallied around him; I fear this may again imperil the state. Since the Great Yanzhi and I are of the same clan and both have sons, it would be better to establish Diaotaomogao.”

    The Great Yanzhi replied: “Although Jumoche is young, the high ministers could jointly manage the affairs of state. To set aside the noble and establish one of lesser rank will surely bring disorder in the future.” In the end, the Chanyu followed Zhuanqu Yanzhi’s counsel and established Diaotaomogao, with the understanding that the throne would later pass to his younger brother.After Huhanye’s death, Diaotaomogao ascended the throne as Fuzhulei Ruodi Chanyu. He appointed Jumixu as Left Tuqi King, Jumoche as Left Luli King, and Nangzhiyasi as Right Tuqi King. Fuzhulei Ruodi Chanyu also took Wang Zhaojun as his consort, and they had two daughters: the elder, Yun, who became Juci (Princess) of Xubu, and the younger, who was married to the Juci(Princess) of Dangyu.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 232): Musician Emperor

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang  

    Annals of Han Book 21 Scroll 29 (continued)

    Bianzhong(Chime Bells), Music Instrument of Zhou, Qin and Han dynasty. Photo by Zzjgbc.

    The 1st year of Emperor Yuan’s Jingning Era (33 B.C. continued)

    At first, the Crown Prince, delighted in the study of the classics, was broad-minded and cautious in conduct. Later, however, he became indulgent in wine, fond of banquets and music, and the Emperor gradually came to regard him as lacking ability. Meanwhile, the Prince of Shanyang, Liu Kang, possessed talent and skill, and his mother, Consort(Zhaoyi) Fu, was deeply favored by the Emperor. For this reason, the Emperor often entertained the thought of establishing the Prince of Shanyang as heir.

    In his later years, the Emperor frequently suffered from illness and no longer personally attended to state affairs. He developed a fondness for music and amusement. At times he placed drums beneath the palace terrace and, standing above, cast bronze pellets downward to strike them, producing rhythmic sounds. None among the palace attendants or those skilled in music could master this technique, yet the Prince of Shanyang alone could do so, and the Emperor repeatedly praised him for it.

    Shi Dan remonstrated, saying, “True talent lies in keen understanding and delight in learning, in reviewing the old to know the new. In this, the Crown Prince is worthy. To judge men by skill in music and drumming is like claiming that musicians such as Chen Hui or Li Wei surpass Kuang Heng and are fit to serve as Chancellor.”

    The Emperor merely smiled.

    When the Emperor fell gravely ill, Consort(Zhaoyi) Fu and the Prince of Shanyang, Liu Kang, frequently attended him at his side, while the Empress and the Crown Prince were seldom granted audience. As the illness deepened, the Emperor grew increasingly uneasy and often questioned his attendants about the precedent of Emperor Jing’s establishing the King of Jiaodong as heir.

    At that time, the Crown Prince’s maternal uncle, Wang Feng, Marquis of Yangping, served as Guard Commandant and Privy Counselor. Together with the Empress and the Crown Prince, they were all alarmed and at a loss.

    Shi Dan, who attended closely upon the Emperor during his illness, seized a moment when the Emperor was resting alone. He entered directly into the chamber, knelt upon the green mat, and with tears streaming down his face, said:

    “The Crown Prince has long been established and has now held his position for more than ten years. His name is known throughout the realm, and the people have already given him their allegiance. I have observed that the Prince of Shanyang is much favored, and now rumors circulate among the people, saying that the heir may be changed. If this were to occur, the ministers would surely rise in fierce opposition, and calamity would follow. I beg to die first, to warn the court and settle the hearts of all!”

    The Emperor, by nature benevolent, was moved by his words and could not restrain his emotion. He sighed deeply and said, “I have long been infirm, and the Crown Prince and the two younger princes are still tender in years—how could I not be troubled? Yet there is no such intention. Moreover, the Empress is cautious, and the late Emperor deeply cherished the Crown Prince. How could I act contrary to his will? From where did the Commandant hear such words?”

    Shi Dan immediately withdrew, knelt again, and said, “This foolish servant has listened to idle rumors and deserves death.”

    The Emperor accepted his words and said, “My illness grows daily worse, and I fear I may not recover. Support the Crown Prince well, and do not act contrary to my will.”

    Shi Dan withdrew in tears. From that time onward, the position of the Crown Prince was firmly secured. Moreover, the General of the Right and Grandee of Merit, Wang Shang, together with the Director of the Palace Secretariat, Shi Xian, also upheld the Crown Prince, and their influence within the court grew ever stronger.

    In the summer, on May 24, Emperor Yuan passed away in Weiyang Palace.

    Ban Biao’s praising commentary: My maternal grandfather and uncles once served in attendance upon Emperor Yuan, and they related to me thus: “Emperor Yuan was multi-talented, well versed in the classics, skilled in the zither and lute, and adept at the flute. He composed melodies and verses, set them to regulated tones, and refined them to the utmost subtlety. From his youth he cherished Confucian learning, and upon ascending the throne he summoned scholars and entrusted them with governance. Thus Gong Yu, Xue Guangde, Wei Xuancheng, and Kuang Heng successively served as chancellors. Yet the Emperor was often absorbed in literary pursuits, soft-hearted and indecisive, whereby the endeavor of Emperor Xuan gradually declined. Nevertheless, he was generous and humble, upheld reverence and frugality, gentle in demeanor and refined in bearing, possessing the elegance and virtue of the ancients.”

    Kuang Heng submitted a memorial, saying:

    “Formerly, because of His Majesty’s illness, the abolished sacrifices were restored; yet blessings did not follow. According to the records, the tombs of Empress Wei Si(Wei Zifu), Crown Prince Li(Liu Ju), and Empress Li(Liu Ju’s Consort) all have surviving descendants and therefore should continue to receive offerings. As for the tombs of Emperor Hui and Emperor Jing, whose close kin have all passed away, they ought to be abolished. Concerning the temples of the Emperor Emeritus(Father of Emperor Gaozu), Emperor Wen, Empress Dowager Xiaozhao(Empress Shangguan), Empress Zhaoling(Mother of Emperor Gaozu), Empress Zhao’ai(Elder Sister of Emperor Gaozu), and Prince Wu’ai(Elder Brother of Emperor Gaozu), it is appropriate that their sacrifices be discontinued and their tombs removed.”

    The proposal was approved.

    On June 22, the Crown Prince ascended the throne and paid homage at the Temple of Emperor Gaozu. He honored the Empress Dowager Wang(Emperor Xuan’s third Empress, Emperor Yuan’s Step Mother) as Grand Empress Dowager and the Empress Wang(Wang Zhengjun) as Empress Dowager. He appointed his maternal uncle, the Privy Counselor, Commandant of the Guards, and Marquis of Yangping, Wang Feng, as Grand Marshal, Grand General, and Recorder of the State Secretariat.

    In autumn, on July 19, Emperor Yuan was buried at the Weiling Mausoleum.

    A general amnesty was proclaimed throughout the realm.

    Chancellor Kuang Heng submitted a memorial, saying: “Your Majesty, possessing utmost filial piety, is deeply mournful and constantly remembers with sorrow, never indulging in leisurely outings or hunting banquets. This genuine devotion to observing rites and honoring ancestors is commendable and should be cherished forever. I humbly hope that even though Your Majesty is naturally virtuous, you will continue to cultivate this holy heart. The Book of Songs states: ‘In loneliness and sorrow is like a lingering disease,’ indicating that King Cheng of Zhou, even after mourning, could not find peace of mind. This dedication is how he carried on the legacy of King Wen and King Wu of Zhou and upheld the foundations of great transformation.”

    “I have also heard from my teachers that ‘the relationship between husband and wife is the beginning of humanity and the source of all blessings. Only when the rites of marriage are correct can things prosper, and Heaven’s mandate be complete.’ Confucius began his discussion of the Book of Songs with ‘Guan Ju,’ as it is the starting point of order and the foundation of royal instruction. Since ancient times, the rise and fall of the three dynasties have all followed this principle. I hope Your Majesty will carefully consider the effects of gains and losses and the rise and fall, to establish a solid foundation by selecting virtuous individuals, avoiding indulgence in sensual pleasures, and maintaining a close relationship with the reverent and keeping a distance from the cunning.”

    “I have heard that the Six Classics were used by the sages to encompass the principles of Heaven and Earth, distinguish between good and evil, clarify the differences between auspicious and inauspicious, and guide people to the proper path without deviating from their natural dispositions. Additionally, the Analects and the Classic of Filial Piety, containing the essential words and actions of the sages, should be thoroughly understood. I have also heard that the sage kings, in their actions and movements, upheld Heaven and served their parents, presided over the court, and showed kindness to their ministers, all with appropriate decorum to exemplify human relations.”

    “They demonstrated reverence and caution as the appearance of serving Heaven; warmth, respect, and humility as the rites of serving their parents; uprightness and strictness as the demeanor of presiding over the court; and benevolence and harmony as the expression of treating subordinates. Every action was governed by proper ritual, thereby shaping righteousness and creating laws to follow. At the beginning of the first month, you visited the sleeping quarters, received court congratulations, and held a banquet to entertain the multitude. The classic says: ‘A gentleman is careful at the beginning.’ I hope Your Majesty will be mindful of the rhythm of movement and stillness, so the officials can look up to Your Majesty’s great virtue and glory, thus establishing a firm foundation. This would be a great fortune for the realm!”

    The Emperor respectfully accepted his advice.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 231): Flaw Not Obscure Splendor of Jade

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang  

    Annals of Han Book 21 Scroll 29 (continued)

    Kunlun Mountains

    The 1st year of Emperor Yuan’s Jingning Era (33 B.C. continued)

    Earlier, the Director of the Palace Secretariat, Shi Xian, had once sought to marry his elder sister to Gan Yanshou, but Gan Yanshou declined. When Gan Yanshou later returned after defeating Zhizhi Chanyu, both the Chancellor and the Grand Master of the Censorate disapproved of his conduct in forging the imperial decree and therefore withheld commendation for his achievements.

    Chen Tang was by nature avaricious. The wealth he seized and brought back through the frontier was often obtained unlawfully. The Colonel Inspectorate of the Capital (Colonel of Retainers) sent officials along the route to detain Chen Tang’s officers and soldiers for investigation. Chen Tang submitted a memorial stating:

    “The officers and soldiers under my command together punished Zhizhi Chanyu and were fortunate to capture and destroy him. After traveling thousands of li, we should have been met with envoys to welcome and reward us along the road. Instead, the Colonel Inspectorate of the Capital detains and interrogates us—this is no different from avenging Zhizhi Chanyu!”

    The Emperor immediately ordered the release of the detained officers and soldiers, and commanded the commanderies and counties along the route to supply the army with food and wine.

    After their return, when merits were being discussed, Shi Xian and Kuang Heng said:

    “Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang rashly raised troops and acted without authorization. That they were not executed should already be counted as great leniency. If they are further rewarded with ranks and fiefs, then in the future envoys will all strive to act recklessly, provoking troubles with the barbarians and bringing calamity upon the state.”

    The Emperor personally admired the achievements of Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang, yet he also valued the opinions of Kuang Heng and Shi Xian. Thus, he delayed the decision for a long time.

    At this point, the former Minister of the Imperial Clan, Liu Xiang (formerly known as Liu Gengsheng), submitted a memorial:

    “Zhizhi Chanyu imprisoned and slew envoys and officials by the hundreds. His crimes were proclaimed throughout the foreign lands, grievously damaging the dignity of the Han, so that all within the court were filled with righteous indignation. Your Majesty resolved to punish him and never for a moment forgot this resolve.

    “The Protector-General of the Western Regions, Gan Yanshou, together with the Lieutenant Colonel Chen Tang, upheld the imperial command and relied upon the awe of divine authority. They united the leaders of the various alien tribes, gathered the forces of the frontier cities, braved death countless times, and advanced deep into distant lands. They penetrated Kangju, captured three fortified cities, seized the enemy’s banners, and beheaded Zhizhi Chanyu. Their standards were unfurled thousands of li away, their might shook the regions west of the Kun Mountains(a.k.a. Kunlun Mountains), the disgrace of Gu Ji’s killing was avenged, and illustrious merit was established. All the foreign tribes trembled in fear and submission.

    “Huhanye Chanyu, upon hearing of Zhizhi’s execution, was at once joyful and fearful; he turned toward righteousness, bowed in submission, and came to court, vowing to guard the northern frontier and serve the Han for generations. This achievement ensures peace for ten thousand ages and constitutes a merit unparalleled among ministers.

    “In antiquity, Fang Shu and Yin Jifu assisted King Xuan of Zhou in chastising the Xianyun(an old derogatory epithet for Xiongnu), thereby bringing all the tribes to submission. As the Book of Songs says:

    ‘Mighty and resounding, like thunder and lightning—
    Fang Shu went forth to chastise the Xianyun,
    brought all the southern tribes to submission.’

    “The Book of Changes says: ‘‘It is a commendable feat, When the head is taken, the rest submit.’ This praises the punishment of the chief offender, by which all the unruly are brought to obedience. Now Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang, by their thunderous strike and awe-inspiring might, achieved what the Book of Changes calls ‘taking the head,’ and what the Book of Songs likens to ‘thunder and lightning’—indeed, their merit surpasses even these examples.

    “When assessing great achievements, minor faults are not recorded; when praising great virtue, small errors are not examined. The Methods of Sima Rangju state: ‘Military rewards must not be delayed beyond one month,’ for merit must be promptly recognized, so that the will to serve is encouraged and achievement made manifest. This is the proper way to employ men of talent.

    “In former times, when Yin Jifu returned from his campaign, the Zhou court bestowed upon him great rewards. The Book of Songs says:

    ‘Jifu returned in joy,
    Laden with abundant blessings;
    From Hao he came back,
    His journey long and arduous.’

    “A journey of a thousand li to Hao was already deemed far; how much more so a march of ten thousand li? Their toil and merit are therefore beyond measure.”

    “Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang have not yet received the honors due to their achievements; instead, their great merits have been suppressed, and they have long endured petty accusations from court officials. This neither encourages merit nor inspires those of ambition.

    “In former times, Duke Huan of Qi first rendered great service in upholding the Zhou house, yet later committed the fault of destroying the state of Xiang. Historians nevertheless concealed his faults in order to exalt his merit. Likewise, the Ershi General Li Guangli exhausted fifty thousand troops and squandered immense resources over four years, yet gained only thirty fine horses. Though he slew the King of Dayuan, Wugua, his achievement scarcely compensated for the cost, and his private crimes were many. Nevertheless, Emperor Wu, mindful of the hardship of distant campaigns, overlooked his offenses and rewarded him with marquisates, high offices, and stipends of two thousand picul for more than a hundred men.

    “Now Kangju is stronger than Dayuan, and Zhizhi Chanyu’s renown surpassed that of the King of Dayuan; the crime of murdering envoys is graver still than withholding horses. Yet Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang neither exhausted the people nor drained the treasury, and their achievement exceeds that of the Ershi General a hundredfold.

    “Moreover, Chang Hui pursued and attacked the Wusun following his own initiative, and Zheng Ji received the submission of the Rizhu King without prior imperial command; yet both were granted fiefs and ennobled. Measured by military merit and hardship, Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang surpass Fang Shu and Yin Jifu; weighed by the balance of merit and fault, they exceed Duke Huan of Qi and the Ershi General; compared with more recent achievements, they stand above the Marquis of Anyuan(Zheng Ji) and the Marquis of Changluo(Chang Hui).

    “Yet now their great accomplishments are left unrewarded, while their minor faults are repeatedly magnified—this truly grieves the heart. It is fitting, therefore, to pardon and release them in due time, restore their ranks, set aside their faults, and bestow proper honors, so as to encourage merit and inspire those who serve the state.”

    Thereupon, the Emperor issued an edict granting pardon to Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang, ordering that their offenses not be pursued, and commanded the ministers to deliberate on the bestowal of ranks and titles. The officials argued that the precedent of military merit lay in the capture and execution of Zhizhi Chanyu. Kuang Heng and Shi Xian, however, objected, saying: “Zhizhi was originally a fugitive who had lost his state; he merely usurped the title in a remote land and was not truly a Chanyu.”

    The Emperor cited the precedent of the Marquis of Anyuan, Zheng Ji, who had been enfeoffed with a thousand households; yet Kuang Heng and Shi Xian persisted in their objections.

    In the summer, on April 30, Gan Yanshou was enfeoffed as Marquis of Yicheng, and Chen Tang was granted the title of Marquis within the Passes. Each received a fief of three hundred households, along with a reward of one hundred catties of gold. Gan Yanshou was appointed Colonel of Changshui, and Chen Tang was appointed Colonel of Shooting Sound; both were placed in command of troops.

    Thereafter, Du Qin submitted a memorial again discussing the merits of Feng Fengshi’s earlier campaign against Shache(Yarkant). The Emperor, deeming it an affair of the former reign, did not reopen the matter. Du Qin was the son of the former Grand Master of Censorate, Du Yannian.

    Xun Yue’s Commentary: If Feng Fengshi’s achievements and righteousness were sufficient to warrant enfeoffment, then revisiting and recording his former merits is indeed appropriate. According to the principles of the Spring and Autumn Annals, to censure the Duke of Lu for dismantling the ancestral temple was deemed improper, while to commend him for disbanding the central army was deemed correct—each judgment resting upon what was fitting to the circumstance.

    Matters undertaken without imperial authorization were always treated with caution by the former kings and were permitted only when necessity compelled them. If one acts without authorization in a great affair yet achieves little, punishment is fitting; if one acts without authorization in a lesser matter yet accomplishes great merit, reward is fitting; if merit and fault counterbalance one another, then leaving the matter unresolved is appropriate.

    Thus, judgments should be weighed on the gravity of the matter and rendered as befits its achievement.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 228): Wang Zhaojun Marrying to Xiongnu

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang  

    Annals of Han Book 21 Scroll 29 (continued)

    The 4th year of Emperor Yuan’s Jianzhao Era (35 B.C.)

    In  January of spring, the head of Zhizhi Chanyu arrived at the capital. Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang submitted a memorial, saying:

    “We have heard that the great principle under Heaven is unity. In antiquity there were the reigns of Yao of Taotang and Shun of Youyu; in the present age there is the mighty Han. The Xiongnu Chanyu Huhanye has already acknowledged himself a northern vassal, yet Zhizhi Chanyu alone remained defiant and had not yet met due punishment. West of Daxia (Bactria), the peoples believed that the mighty Han could not subdue him.

    “Zhizhi Chanyu inflicted cruel suffering upon the people and committed great crimes, all witnessed by Heaven. We, your servants Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang, have led righteous troops to carry out Heaven’s punishment. Relying upon Your Majesty’s divine authority, and aided by the harmonious response of yin and yang, the weather was clear, our armies broke through the enemy lines, defeated the foe, and beheaded Zhizhi Chanyu together with his nobles. His head should be displayed among the residences of the barbarian ambassadors in the capital, so that those throughout the myriad lands may know that whoever offends the mighty Han, no matter how distant, will surely be punished.”

    The Chancellor Kuang Heng and others remonstrated, saying, “Since it is spring, the season for covering bones and burying the dead, it would be fitting not to display the head of Zhizhi Chanyu.”

    The Emperor decreed that it be displayed for ten days and then buried. He further ordered sacrifices to be offered at the suburban altars and proclaimed a general amnesty throughout the empire. The ministers all came forward to offer congratulations, and a banquet was held.

    On June 5, Liu Jing, Prince Ai of Zhongshan, passed away. The Prince was the Emperor’s younger brother and had grown up studying together with the Crown Prince. Upon his death, the Crown Prince went to attend the mourning rites. When the Emperor saw him, he was moved by memories of the Prince of Zhongshan and was overcome with grief. The Crown Prince, however, showed no outward sorrow. The Emperor was greatly angered and exclaimed, “How can one who lacks compassion and benevolence serve the ancestral temples and become a parent to the people?”

    At that time, Shi Dan, Commandant of the Cavalier Escort, was in charge of  protecting the Crown Prince’s household. The Emperor reproached him. Shi Dan removed his cap and apologized, saying, “I indeed saw that Your Majesty mourned deeply for the Prince of Zhongshan, to the point of shedding tears. When the Crown Prince was about to appear, I privately instructed him not to weep, lest he further distress Your Majesty. The fault lies with me alone; I deserve death.” The Emperor found his explanation reasonable and his anger subsided.

    In Lantian, an earthquake caused a mountain to collapse, blocking the Ba River. In Anling, a landslide caused the riverbank to give way, obstructing the Jing River, which then flowed backward.

    The 5th year of Emperor Yuan’s Jianzhao Era (34 B.C.)

    In March of spring, a general amnesty was proclaimed throughout the empire.

    In summer, on June 17, the Emperor restored the Li Garden, the tomb of his great-grandfather(Liu Ju). 

    On June 30, at the close of the moon, a solar eclipse occurred.

    In autumn, on July 28, the Emperor restored the ancestral temples and mausoleums of the Emperor Emeritus(Prince Li, great-grandfather of the Emperor, Liu Ju), as well as the temples of the imperial progenitors, and the tombs of Empress Zhaoling (mother of Emperor Gaozu), Prince Wu’ai (brother of Emperor Gaozu), Empress Zhao’ai (sister of Emperor Gaozu), and Empress Weisi (Wei Zifu). At the time, the Emperor had long been afflicted by illness and believed that the ancestral spirits were displeased. Therefore, he ordered these sites to be fully restored. The ancestral temples in the commanderies and princedoms, however, remained abolished.

    In that year, Liu Kang, Prince Kang of Jiyang, was transferred to become Prince of Shanyang.

    When Huhanye Chanyu of the Xiongnu heard that Zhizhi had been executed, he was both fearful and relieved. He sent a letter expressing his wish to come to court and present himself in the audience.

    The 1st year of Emperor Yuan’s Jingning Era (33 B.C.)

    In January of spring, Huhanye Chanyu of the Xiongnu came to the Han court and requested to enter into a marriage alliance, wishing thereby to strengthen relations. The Emperor bestowed upon him Wang Qiang of the inner palace, whose courtesy name was Zhaojun and who came from a family of upright repute.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 227): Alpha Male Chen Tang’s Daring Stunt

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang  

    Annals of Han Book 21 Scroll 29 (continued)

    Pamir Mountain(Congling)

    The 3rd year of Emperor Yuan’s Jianzhao Era (36 B.C.)

    In the summer, on June 19, Wei Xuancheng, Marquis of Fuyang, passed away.

    In July of autumn, Kuang Heng was appointed Chancellor. On July 14, Li Yanshou, Commandant of the Palace Guards, was appointed Grand Master of the Censorate.

    In winter, the envoys sent to the Protector-General of the Western Regions—Cavalry Commandant Gan Yanshou of Beidi and Lieutenant Colonel Chen Tang of Shanyang—acted jointly and slew Zhizhi Chanyu of the Xiongnu in Kangju.

    Earlier, Zhizhi Chanyu, relying on the strength of his people and boasting of his might, regarded himself as a great power and grew arrogant. Having gained victories, he became increasingly insolent and failed to treat the King of Kangju with due respect. In a rage, he slew the king’s daughter along with several hundred nobles and commoners, some of whom he dismembered and cast into the Dulai River. He compelled the people of Kangju to build a fortified city, forcing five hundred men to labor each day; the work continued for two years before completion. He also sent envoys to demand annual tribute from the kingdoms of Yancai and Dayuan, which dared not refuse.

    The Han court dispatched three envoys to Kangju and Zhizhi Chanyu to recover the bodies of Gu Ji and the others who had been killed by them. Zhizhi Chanyu humiliated and tormented the envoys, refused to receive the imperial edict, and instead sent a letter to the Protector-General of the West, feigning submission and claiming that he was in distress and wished to rely upon the mighty Han, even offering to send his son as a hostage. Such was his disdain and duplicity.

    Chen Tang was a man of courage and composure, adept at deep calculation and bold in devising quirky stratagems. He delighted in extraordinary achievements. He said to Gan Yanshou:

    “The barbarians are by nature awed by great gens. The Western Regions once belonged to the Xiongnu. Now Zhizhi Chanyu’s reputation has spread far and wide; he oppresses Wusun and Dayuan, and frequently conspires with Kangju, intending to subdue them. If he gains control of these two states, within a few years all the cities and kingdoms will be endangered. Moreover, his people are fierce and warlike, often victorious in battle. If they are left unchecked for long, they will surely become a great calamity to the Western Regions.

    “Though they dwell in remote lands, they have no strong cities nor effective crossbows. If we draw troops from the agricultural garrisons and combine them with the forces of Wusun, advancing directly upon their camps, they will have nowhere to go if they flee; if they stand and fight, they will not be able to endure. An achievement of a thousand years may be accomplished in a single day.”

    Gan Yanshou approved of this reasoning and wished to present it to the court. Chen Tang, however, said, “The Son of Heaven would summon the Three Excellencies and the Nine Ministers to deliberate on such a matter. Our far-reaching design is not something mediocre officials can comprehend, and it will certainly not be approved.” Gan Yanshou still hesitated.

    At that time, Gan Yanshou had long been ill and confined to his bed. Chen Tang thereupon took matters into his own hands, mobilizing troops from the commanderies and garrisons under a forged imperial decree. When Gan Yanshou learned of this, he was startled into rising from his bed and attempted to stop him. Chen Tang, enraged, drew his sword and rebuked him, saying, “The army has already been set in motion—would a mere fellow like you dare to obstruct it?” Thereupon Gan Yanshou yielded.

    They assembled the host, numbering more than forty thousand men, Han troops together with allied aliens. Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang submitted a memorial acknowledging their unauthorized action, explaining the military situation, and then divided the army into six columns. Three columns advanced by the southern route, crossing the Congling (Pamir) Mountains and proceeding directly toward Dayuan. The other three, led by the Protector-General Gan Yanshou himself, set out from the kingdom of Wensu, entered Chigu(Yshtyk, the capital of Wusun) by the northern route, passed through Wusun territory, crossed into Kangju lands, and advanced westward to the vicinity of Lake Tianchi (Issyk-Kul).

    Meanwhile, Baotian, the deputy king of Kangju, led several thousand cavalry eastward to raid near Chigu(Yshtyk). He killed and captured more than a thousand of the people of the Great Kunmi of Wusun and seized large numbers of livestock. He then pursued the Han army from the rear and plundered its supplies. Chen Tang released the auxiliary alien troops to counterattack. They slew four hundred and sixty of the enemy, recaptured four hundred and seventy captives taken from Wusun, and returned them to the Great Kunmi. The horses, cattle, and sheep were taken to provision the army. They also captured a Kangju noble named Inudu.

    Upon entering the eastern border of Kangju, Chen Tang ordered that the army should not plunder. He secretly summoned the Kangju noble Tumo and met with him, explaining the authority and trustworthiness of the Han dynasty. They drank together and concluded an alliance, after which Tumo was allowed to depart. The army then advanced and encamped sixty li from the city of Zhizhi Chanyu.

    They captured another Kangju noble, Jusezi Nankaimou, and compelled him to serve as guide. Jusezi, being the maternal younger brother of Tumo, harbored resentment toward Zhizhi Chanyu and therefore disclosed all information concerning him. On the following day, the army advanced again and encamped thirty li from the city.

    The Chanyu then sent an envoy to Chen Tang, asking, “Why have the Han troops come?”

    The answer was: “The Chanyu once wrote, ‘I am in distress and wish to submit to the mighty Han, and to come in person to attend the court.’ The Son of Heaven, taking pity on your abandonment of your former realm and your submission to Kangju, has therefore dispatched the Protector-General to welcome the Chanyu’s wives and children. Fearing to alarm those nearby, he has not yet dared to approach the city walls.”

    The envoy went back and forth several times with replies. Thereupon Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang rebuked him:

    “We have come from afar on the Chanyu’s behalf, yet to this day not a single noble or chief has come forth to meet the General and receive his commands. Why does the Chanyu neglect this great undertaking, failing in the proper duties between host and guest? Our troops have traveled far; men and cattle alike are exhausted, and our provisions are nearly spent. We fear that we shall have no means of return. We ask the Chanyu to deliberate carefully on this matter with his ministers.”

    The following day, they advanced to the banks of the Dulai River near the city of Zhizhi Chanyu and encamped three li away. They saw five-colored banners and pennants raised upon the city walls, with several hundred armored men stationed atop them. More than a hundred cavalry rode back and forth below the walls, while over a hundred infantrymen were drawn up in fish-scale formation at the gates, drilling in martial display.

    Those on the walls beckoned toward the Han army, shouting, “Come and fight!” More than a hundred cavalry charged toward the Han camp, but the camp was already prepared, crossbows drawn and aimed. The cavalry withdrew at once. Some officers and soldiers shot at the cavalry and infantry at the gates, forcing them to retreat back within the city.

    Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang issued orders to the army, saying: “When the drums are sounded, press forward from all sides, encircle the city, and hold your positions. Dig trenches, block the gates, set large shields in front, and array spearmen and crossbowmen behind to strike those upon the walls.”

    The defenders on the towers fled. Outside the earthen walls stood a wooden palisade, from which arrows were shot, inflicting some casualties upon the Han troops. The Han soldiers set fire to the palisade. During the night, several hundred cavalry attempted to break out, but were met by arrows and slain.

    Earlier, when the Chanyu heard that the Han army had arrived, he wished to flee, but suspected that Kangju harbored resentment against him and would collude from within. Moreover, hearing that the Wusun and other states had also mobilized their forces, he found no place to escape. At first he departed, but then returned, saying, “It is better to hold our ground. The Han army has come from afar and cannot long sustain itself.”

    Thereupon the Chanyu donned armor and ascended the tower. Several dozen of his wives(yanzhi) and concubines also mounted the walls and shot arrows at the attackers. A Han soldier shot Zhizhi Chanyu in the nose, and several of his consorts were killed. The Chanyu then withdrew from the tower.

    After midnight, the wooden palisade was breached. The defenders withdrew into the earthen city, climbing the walls and crying out. Kangju then sent more than ten thousand cavalry, divided into over ten detachments, to encircle the city and join with the defenders. Throughout the night they repeatedly assaulted the Han camp, but each attack was repelled.

    At dawn, fires rose on all sides. The Han officers and soldiers advanced with loud shouts, drums and gongs resounding and shaking the ground. The Kangju troops withdrew, and the Han forces advanced with large shields, entering the earthen city.

    The Chanyu, together with more than one hundred men and women, fled into the inner quarters. The Han soldiers set fires and stormed in, wounding and killing the Chanyu. Deputy Commander Du Xun beheaded Zhizhi Chanyu. They recovered the two Han scepters and the silk documents carried by Gu Ji and the other envoys. The spoils were distributed to those who had captured them.

    In total, one thousand five hundred and eighteen heads were taken, including those of wives(yanzhi), crown princes, nobles, and others. One hundred and forty-five persons were captured alive, and more than a thousand surrendered. These captives were distributed among the various city-states and the fifteen kings who had joined the Han coalition forces.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 226): A Setup by Eunuch Shi Xian

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang  

    Annals of Han Book 21 Scroll 29 (continued)

    Six Line Divination from Liangqiu He to Wulu Chongzong

    The 2nd year of Emperor Yuan’s Jianzhao Era (37 B.C. continued)

    Associate Censor Chen Xian frequently criticized Shi Xian. In time, he was accused of maintaining close ties with Zhu Yun, Magistrate of Huaili, and of leaking confidential discussions from within the palace. Shi Xian secretly investigated the matter, discovered the facts, and had both Chen Xian and Zhu Yun arrested, their heads shaved, and sentenced to penal labor.

    Shi Xian’s power and influence thereafter grew by the day. From high officials down to minor functionaries, all feared him, treading cautiously and standing in awe on one leg. He formed a clique with Lao Liang, Deputy Director of the Central Secretariat, and Wulu Chongzong, Privy Treasurer. Those who attached themselves to their faction were all favored and advanced. Among the people there arose a song:

    “If you are of the Lao clan,
    Or if you are of the Shi,
    Or if you are guests of Wulu—
    Heavy hang your seals,
    And many are your sashes!”

    Shi Xian, fully aware of the authority he wielded, feared that one day the Emperor might heed other voices and turn against him. Therefore, he constantly sought to display his loyalty in order to secure imperial trust. Once, when he dispatched an official to requisition supplies from various offices, he first reported to the Emperor, saying: “I fear that if the gates are closed, the message may not pass through. I therefore request that an edict be issued ordering the guards to open the gates for me.” The Emperor assented.

    Shi Xian then deliberately returned late at night, claiming that he bore an edict ordering the gates to be opened. Later, someone submitted a memorial accusing Shi Xian of falsely issuing commands and using a forged decree to open the palace gates. When the Emperor read it, he laughed and showed it to Shi Xian.

    Shi Xian wept and said, “Your Majesty has entrusted this humble servant with great responsibility, and thus others envy and seek to harm me. Such incidents occur repeatedly, yet only a wise lord can discern them. I am insignificant and cannot satisfy all men while bearing the resentment of the world. I beg to be relieved of my central secretariat duties and to serve in some lowly post within the inner palace, where I may die without regret. I implore Your Majesty to have mercy and spare my life.”

    The Emperor was moved by this and took pity on him, repeatedly comforting and encouraging him, and bestowing upon him lavish gifts amounting to one hundred million in gold and valuables.

    Earlier, Shi Xian had feared that rumors of his involvement in the death of the former General Xiao Wangzhi would provoke criticism from scholars. Hearing that the Grandee of Remonstration, Gong Yu, was renowned for his integrity and learning, Shi Xian sent someone to cultivate goodwill with him, forging a close relationship and recommending him to the Emperor. Gong Yu rose rapidly through the ranks, eventually becoming one of the Nine Ministers, and was treated with exceptional honor.

    As a result, some praised Shi Xian, believing that he harbored no jealousy or slander toward Xiao Wangzhi. In this way, Shi Xian dispelled suspicion and secured the Emperor’s trust through calculated artifice.

    Xun Yue’s commentary: The deception of a ruler by sycophantic ministers is indeed most pernicious. Thus Confucius said, ‘Keep flatterers at a distance.’ This means not merely refraining from employing them, but keeping them far away and cutting off their influence at the root—this is the utmost precaution. Confucius also said, ‘To govern is to be upright.’ The essence of governance lies in uprightness. Those who are upright, honest, and sincere embody this principle.

    Therefore, before appointing a man, one must examine the truth of his virtue; before assigning a task, examine the truth of his ability; before granting reward, examine the truth of his merit; before imposing punishment, examine the truth of his guilt; before bestowing honor, examine the truth of his conduct; before trusting words, examine their truthfulness of speech; before employing resources, examine their substance; before managing affairs, examine their reality. When righteousness accumulates above, substance naturally takes root below. Such was the Way of the ancient kings.

    On August 3, Kuang Heng, who was serving as Chamberlain, was appointed Grand Master of the Censorate.

    In the intercalary August 8, the Grand Empress Dowager Shangguan (Empress Zhao) passed away.

    In November of the winter, earthquakes struck the regions of Qi and Chu, accompanied by heavy snow. Trees were broken, and houses collapsed.

  • Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance(Part 223): Happy Household, Happy Realm

    Comprehensive Reflections to Aid in Governance

    By Sima Guang

    Translated By Yiming Yang  

    Annals of Han Book 21 Scroll 29

    Duration of 9 years

    Fan Zhongyan’s family precepts. Calligraphy of Ai Xiongheng

    The 3rd year of Emperor Yuan’s Yongguang Era (41 B.C.)

    In February of spring, Feng Fengshi returned to the capital and was appointed General of the Left, and the title of Marquis Within the Passes was conferred upon him.

    In March, the Emperor’s son Liu Kang was made Prince of Jiyang.

    In April of summer, Wang Jie, Marquis Kao of Pingchang, passed away.

    In July of autumn, Xu Jia, Marquis of Ping’en, was appointed Grand Marshal and General of Chariots and Cavalry.

    In winter, on November 8, there was an earthquake accompanied by rainfall.

    The offices of Salt and Iron were reinstated; the enrollment of court scholars was limited to one thousand. Because funds were insufficient and many among the people had been exempted from levies, the government lacked the means to sustain both internal and external labor services.

    The 4th year of Emperor Yuan’s Yongguang Era (40 B.C.)

    In February of spring, a general amnesty was proclaimed throughout the empire.

    In March, the Emperor traveled to Yong to offer sacrifice at the Altars of the Five Deities.

    In summer, on June 26, a fire broke out at the eastern gate of the Mausoleum of Emperor Xuan.

    On June 30, at the new moon, a solar eclipse occurred.

    The Emperor then summoned and questioned those who had earlier spoken on the omens of the sun, including Zhou Kan and Zhang Meng. They bowed their heads and apologized. Thereupon the Emperor issued an edict praising Zhou Kan’s virtue, summoned him to the traveling court, appointed him Grandee of Merit with a stipend of two thousand piculs of grain, and placed him in charge of the State Secretariat. Zhang Meng was restored to the office of Grandee of the Palace and Palace Steward.

    The Chief of the Palace Secretariat, Shi Xian, controlled the State Secretariat entirely, and all five ministers within it were his clients. Zhou Kan seldom had an opportunity to see the Emperor and was compelled to speak through Shi Xian, with all decisions made according to Shi Xian’s word. Later Zhou Kan fell ill with a throat ailment, lost the power of speech, and died. Shi Xian then falsely accused Zhang Meng, who, in despair, took his own life at the palace concierge.

    Gong Yu had submitted a memorial stating: “The temples of Emperors Hui and Jing, having no direct descendants, should be dismantled. Furthermore, the temples maintained in the commanderies and kingdoms do not accord with ancient rites and should be rectified.” The Emperor approved this proposal.

    Thus in autumn, on July 10, the temples of Queen Zhaoling (mother of Emperor Gaozu), King Wu’ai (elder brother of Emperor Gaozu), Queen Zhao’ai (elder sister of Emperor Gaozu), Empress Wei Si (Wei Zifu, mother of Crown Prince Liu Ju), Crown Prince Li (Liu Ju), and Empress Dowager Li (consort of Liu Ju and grandmother of Emperor Xuan) were discontinued. None of these were thereafter to receive sacrifices; only a minimal guard of officials and soldiers was assigned.

    In winter, on October 19, the ancestral temples located in the commanderies and princedoms were likewise abolished.

    The various imperial tombs were assigned to the jurisdiction of the Three Metropolitan Regions. The area of the Shouling Pavilion in Weicheng was designated as the preliminary burial ground of the Emperor. An edict forbade the establishment of counties or towns there, and prohibited forcefully relocating people from the commanderies or kingdoms into that area.

    The 5th year of Emperor Yuan’s Yongguang Era (39 B.C.)

    In January of spring, the Emperor journeyed to Ganquan and performed the suburban sacrifice at the Taiyi Altar. In March, he traveled to Hedong and offered sacrifice to the Queen of the Earth.

    In autumn, great flooding struck Yingchuan, and many people perished.

    In winter, the Emperor traveled to Changyang Palace, where the Bear-Shooting Park lay, and held a great hunt.

    On December 16, the temples and tombs of the Grand Emperor Emeritus (father of Emperor Gaozu) and of Emperor Hui were destroyed in accordance with the counsel of Wei Xuancheng and others.

    The Emperor favored Confucian arts and literary cultivation, thereby greatly altering the policies of Emperor Xuan. Many who offered proposals were granted audience, and all believed themselves to have entered the Emperor’s favor. Moreover, Consort(Zhaoyi[Lady of Bright Deportment]) Fu and her son, the Prince of Jiyang, were cherished above the Empress and the Crown Prince.

    The Crown Prince’s tutor, Kuang Heng, submitted a memorial:

    “I have heard that the key to order and disorder, safety and peril, and the governance of all under Heaven, lies in discerning where the Sovereign directs his mind. A sovereign who receives the Mandate fixes his thoughts upon founding and perpetuating a dynasty, transmitting it endlessly to future ages. One who inherits the throne seeks to continue the virtues of the former kings and to magnify their achievements. In ancient times, when King Cheng of Zhou succeeded to the throne, he sought to follow the ways of King Wen and King Wu of Zhou to cultivate his heart. All his illustrious deeds and glorious accomplishments he attributed to the two kings, never daring to claim the merit for himself. Thus Heaven took delight in their offerings, and the spirits bestowed their blessings.”

    “Your Majesty possesses sacred virtue vast as the heavens and loves the people of the realm as your own children, yet the harmony of yin and yang has not been attained, and treachery and wickedness have not been curbed. This is likely because your advisers have not greatly extolled the achievements of the former emperors, but instead vie with one another to assert that established institutions cannot be used and must be changed. Some reforms prove impractical and are repeatedly altered and reversed, causing subordinates to dispute without end and leaving officials and people alike without trust. I privately lament that the state has cast aside what the people found successful and satisfying, and instead engages in fruitless back-and-forth.”

    “I wish that Your Majesty would carefully review the great matter of succession, and devote your mind to upholding established institutions and advancing the past achievements so as to steady the hearts of your subordinates. The Great Odes of the Book of Songs say: ‘Do not forget your ancestors; cultivate their virtue.’ This is the root of utmost virtue. The Commentaries say: ‘By discerning likes and dislikes and regulating emotion and nature, the royal Way is achieved.’ The means of regulating one’s nature is to examine one’s excesses and strengthen one’s deficiencies.

    “Those who are bright and perceptive must beware of being overly critical; those who are less informed must beware of being obstructive. The brave and strong must beware of undue violence; the benevolent and gentle must beware of indecision. The tranquil and easygoing must beware of negligence; the broad-minded and magnanimous must beware of forgetfulness. One must scrutinize the cautions appropriate to oneself and temper them with righteousness; then the influence of balanced harmony will respond, and the deceitful and cunning will not dare to scheme for advancement. If Your Majesty heeds this counsel, it will elevate your sacred virtue.”

    “I have also heard that when the Way of the household is cultivated, the governance of the realm is thereby achieved. Thus the Book of Songs begins with the ‘Airs of the States,’ and the Book of Rites begins with the ceremonies of capping and marriage. The Airs of the States reveal the origins of emotion and human relationships, thereby illuminating ethical norms. The ceremonies of coming-of-age and marriage set the household in order and lay the foundation for preventing future disorder. Therefore, the sage kings carefully managed the relationships among consorts and queens, distinguished between the heir-apparent and the lesser sons, and observed the rites within the household. The lowly did not overstep the honored, nor the new precede the old, thus harmonizing human sentiments and regulating the yin force.

    “By honoring the rightful heir and subordinating the lesser sons, the legitimate son is capped at the Eastern Terrace and receives the sweet-wine rite; the lesser sons do not join the ranks. Thus the legitimate lineage is exalted and doubts and suspicions are dispelled. This is not merely a matter of adding external ritual forms, but of manifesting a true internal distinction. Therefore, ritual inquires into inner emotion and makes it visible outwardly. When the sage’s movements—whether in formal intercourse or in leisurely intimacy—accord with proper order, then everything follows its correct pattern, self-cultivation is achieved, and the people are transformed by his example.

    “If those who should be near are pushed afar, and those who should be honored are disgraced, then the treacherous and cunning will seize the chance to disturb the state. Thus the sage vigilantly prevents wrongful beginnings and forbids troubles before they arise, never allowing private affection to injure public righteousness. The Commentaries say: ‘When the household is in order, the realm will be at peace.’”In earlier times, after Emperor Wu had blocked the breach of the Yellow River and built Xuanfang Palace to commemorate the achievement, the river later burst northward again at Guantao, forming the Tunshi River, which flowed northeast into the sea. The Tunshi River grew as broad and as deep as the main course of the Yellow River, and thus it was left unblocked. In this year, the Yellow River broke through at Lingmingdu Estuary in Qinghe Commandery, causing the Tunshi River to dry up.