The 1st year of Emperor Zhao’s Yuanping Era (74 B.C. continued)
When the imperial edict arrived, it was near midnight, with less than a quarter hour remaining. The Prince of Changyi lit a fire to read it. That day he set forth, and by afternoon reached Dingtao, having covered one hundred and thirty-five li. Many of his attendants’ horses perished from exhaustion on the road.
The Commandant of the Capital Guard, Wang Ji, submitted a memorial, saying: “I have heard that Emperor Gaozong of Shang, in the time of mourning, spoke no word for three years. Now Sire, summoned in consequence of a funeral, should weep and mourn without ceasing, day and night. It is meet and right to refrain from taking initiatives and making demands.
“The Grand General’s virtue, embracing benevolence, wisdom, and trustworthiness, is renowned under Heaven. He served Emperor Wu for over twenty years, without once committing a fault. When the late Emperor departed and abandoned his ministers, he entrusted the whole realm and the young orphaned Son of Heaven to the Grand General, who cradled and nurtured the young sovereign, governing with benevolence and wisdom. The empire enjoyed peace, and his conduct was without reproach. Even the Duke of Zhou and Yi Yin could scarcely surpass him.
“Now, with the Emperor’s passing and no heir, the Grand General, mindful only of honoring the ancestral temple, has raised up Sire with boundless benevolence. I pray that Sire will hold this in reverence, hearken to his counsel in matters of state, and take your place as a dutiful sovereign, sitting southward upon the throne. Keep this ever in your thoughts!”
Yet the Prince went to Jiyang to seek long-crowing cocks, and bought a cane made of joined bamboo. Passing through Hongnong, he bade his servant Shan, who was big and tall, to conceal young women in a curtained carriage. When he came to Hu county, the envoy from Chang’an arrived with greetings, and discovered the impropriety, censuring the prime minister. An Le, the prime minister, hearing of it, reported to Gong Sui. Gong Sui entered and asked the Prince. The Prince denied, “There is no such a thing.”
Gong Sui said: “Even if there is nothing grave, why transgress righteousness for the sake of shielding Shan? Let the big servant be summoned, that Sire may be cleared of fault.” Forthwith Shan was seized, and the captain of the guard executed him.
When the Prince of Changyi arrived at Bashang, the Grand Herald came forth to greet him on the outskirts, and he was transferred to the imperial carriages. The Prince appointed Shou Cheng as his driver, while Chamberlain Gong Sui accompanied him in the carriage.
As they neared Guangming Gate and the East Capital Gate, Gong Sui said: “According to the rites, when one in mourning beholds the capital, he should begin to weep. This is already the eastern gate of Chang’an.”
The Prince replied: “My throat hurts; I cannot cry.”
When they came to the city gate, Gong Sui spoke again. The Prince said: “City gates and outer gates are all the same.”
When they approached the east gate of Weiyang Palace, Gong Sui said: “The mourning tent of the Changyi principality lies outside this gate, extending along the northward thoroughfare. Before it there is a road running north and south. When the horses halt a few steps away, Sire must dismount, turn west toward the gate, and bow in mourning until grief is fully expressed.”
The Prince of Changyi answered: “I understand.” When they arrived, he mourned in accordance with the rites.
On June 1, the Prince received the imperial seal and ribbon, ascended as Emperor, and honored the Empress as Empress Dowager.
When the Prince of Changyi had ascended the throne, he gave himself over to extravagance without restraint. Officials from Changyi were summoned to Chang’an, and many were advanced to higher rank. An Le was appointed Guard Commandant of Changle Palace.
When Gong Sui met An Le, he wept, saying: “Since His Majesty’s enthronement, his arrogance and indulgence daily increase, and he will not heed remonstrance. Though the realm is still in mourning, he feasts and revels each day, drinking and sporting with close attendants. He sets tigers and leopards to combat, summons carriages adorned with nine tiger-skin pendants, and drives them recklessly east and west, all in defiance of propriety.
“In ancient times, indulgence was tempered by leniency, and ministers could retire in honor. Now there is no way to depart. I have thought to feign madness, but feared being detected, so that death would come and my name be cast into the mire after I am gone. What course may I take? Sir, you once served as his prime minister; you should raise your voice in remonstrance and contend with him in earnest.”
The Prince of Changyi dreamed that the dung of green flies lay heaped from the western steps to the east, five or six hundred piculs in weight, roofed over with boards and tiles. He inquired of Gong Sui. Gong Sui said: “Does not the Book of Songs declare: The green flies buzz and swarm, settling on the fences. A courteous and brotherly gentleman should not trust slanderous words. Now there are many slanderers upon Your Majesty’s left and right, and the swarm of flies are abominable. It is fitting to advance the sons and grandsons of the late Emperor’s great ministers, bringing them near to serve as trusted aides. If Your Majesty cannot part with the old companions of Changyi, but continues to trust in flattery and slander, then disaster is certain. I entreat Your Majesty to turn misfortune into fortune by driving them all away. I myself am willing to be the first to depart.” The Prince did not listen.The Associate Grand Coachman, Zhang Chang of Hedong, memorialized, saying: “The late Emperor Zhao died young without heir, and the ministers of the realm were in deep concern. When selecting a wise and virtuous successor to inherit the ancestral temple, on the day of the eastward journey, we feared only that your chariot procession moved not fast enough. Now the young Emperor has mounted the throne, and all under Heaven strain eyes and ears, watching for transformation and listening to the winds. Yet the elder ministers of the state are not first employed, while the youths of Changyi are promoted before all. This is a grave error.” The Prince did not heed the advice.
Liu Fuling, The Emperor Zhao of Han. An image from recent Television Series.
The 1st year of Emperor Zhao’s Yuanping Era (74 B.C.)
In February of spring, an edict was issued to reduce the child head tax, levied upon those between the ages of seven and fourteen, by three-tenths.
In summer, on April 17, the Emperor, being twenty one years of age, passed away in the Weiyang Palace, leaving no heir.
At that time, among the sons of Emperor Wu, only the Prince of Guangling, Liu Xu, remained. The Grand General Huo Guang, together with the court officials, deliberated upon the succession, and all were in agreement to support the Prince of Guangling. Yet the Prince had formerly been disfavored for his wanton conduct, and Emperor Wu had never considered him worthy.
The Grand General was uneasy in heart. Then a Palace Gentleman memorialized, saying: “When King Tai of Zhou set aside Taibo in favor of King Ji of Zhou, and when King Wen of Zhou advanced King Wu above his elder son Bo Yikao, both decisions were founded upon virtue and capacity. To pass over an elder in favor of a younger may at times be fitting, yet the Prince of Guangling assuredly is unfit to inherit the ancestral temple.”
These words accorded with Huo Guang’s mind. He presented the memorial to the Chancellor, Yang Chang, and others, and advanced the Palace Gentleman to the Prefect of Jiujiang.
On the same day, acting under the decree of the Empress Dowager, Huo Guang dispatched the acting Grand Herald, the Privy Treasurer Shi Lecheng, the Imperial Clan Minister Liu De, the Grand Master of Chamberlain Bing Ji, and the General of the Household Lihan, together with others, to receive the Prince of Changyi, Liu He, and escort him to the capital in seven mail carriages. Liu He lodged in the Chang’an official residence of the Principality of Changyi.
At the same time, Huo Guang advised the Empress Dowager to appoint the General of the Right, Zhang Anshi, as General of Chariots and Cavalry.
Liu He was the son of Prince Ai of Changyi. In his native land he was famed for extravagance and wantonness. Even during the mourning for Emperor Wu, he indulged in dissipation, and would often ride out hunting without restraint. Once, hunting in Fangyu County, he covered two hundred li in less than half a day.
The Commandant of the Capital Guard, Wang Ji of Langya, submitted a memorial admonishing him:
“Sire neglects the pursuit of learning and delights only in pleasure and wandering. He rides in reckless haste, his horse’s bits and reins never held in check. His mouth grows weary from shouting, his hands sore from the bridle, his body exhausted by carriage and chariot. In the mornings he is drenched with mist and dew; by day he is covered with dust. In summer he is scorched by the fierce heat; in winter he is chilled by the bitter winds. Thus his frail and delicate frame is wearied with excessive exertion. Such practice neither preserves life nor advances benevolence and righteousness.
“Beneath the spacious hall, upon the fine mats, eminent teachers may sit in front, while diligent reciters attend behind. There he may discourse on the eras of Emperor Yao and Shun, and examine the prosperous reigns of Yin and Zhou; there he may study the spirit of humane sages, and practice the art of governing the state. Zealous and intent, he may forget his meals, daily renewing his virtue. How could such delight be found amidst the bustle of streets and markets?
“When at rest, let him bend and stretch to ease the body; when advancing and retreating, stepping and pacing, let him cultivate proper bearing and strength of limb. By inhaling the new and exhaling the old may he nourish his vitality; by concentrating the mind and gathering skill may he enrich his spirit. Thus shall he preserve life and attain longevity.
“If Sire would earnestly give heed, then your mind shall cherish the aspirations of Emperor Yao and Shun; your body shall enjoy the long years of Crown Prince Jin and Chisongzi; your illustrious renown, once heard above, shall bring blessings and honors, and the realm shall be at peace.
“The Emperor, benevolent and sagacious, even now remains ever mindful and admiring, and has not indulged in the pleasures of palace halls, gardens, ponds, or hunting. Sire ought from dawn till dusk to contemplate this, in order to carry forward the Emperor’s intent.
“Among the feudal lords and kinsmen, none are nearer than Sire. In kinship Sire is as a son; in office Sire is as a minister. One person thus bears the double charge of both duties. Should affection and righteousness fail to be fully displayed, and come to the notice of the Emperor, it will not redound to the blessing of the state.”
Prince Liu He issued a proclamation, saying: “We, being unable to restrain my misprision, acknowledge the earnestness of the Commandant of the Capital Guard, who often admonishes me for my faults.” He commanded the usher Qianqiu to present Wang Ji with five hundred catties of beef, five piculs of wine, and five bundles of dried meat. Yet thereafter he still abandoned himself to profligacy, without restraint.
Chamberlain Gong Sui of Shanyang was loyal and sincere, firm and resolute in character. Within the palace he would remonstrate and contend with the Prince; outside the palace he would censure the prime minister and grand tutor, citing principle and weighing consequences, even to the point of shedding tears. He was unyielding, facing the Prince directly and pointing out his faults. The Prince, on hearing him, would cover his ears and flee, saying, “The Chamberlain is truly skilled at shaming men!”
The Prince was often given to prolonged revels, gaming, and lavish gifts to his attendants and palace officials. Gong Sui came before him, weeping and crawling on his knees; all the attendants and ministers present were moved to tears. The Prince asked, “Why does Chamberlain weep?”
Gong Sui replied, “I grieve deeply for the peril of the state. I beg a moment’s attention to declare my humble counsel.” The Prince thereupon dismissed his attendants. Gong Sui said, “Does Sire know why the Prince of Jiaoxi was condemned for immorality?”
Gong Sui said, “I have heard that the Prince of Jiaoxi had a sycophant named Hou De. The Prince of Jiaoxi imitated the deeds of the despots Jie of Xia and Zhou of Shang, yet in Hou De’s mouth he was equal to Emperor Yao and Shun. The Prince delighted in Hou De’s words, favored his presence, lived and slept with him, and thus came to ruin. Now Sire is close to a band of petty men, gradually steeped in their corrupt ways. The border between survival and destruction must not be trifled with. It is meet and right so to choose men learned and upright, who follow the Way, to be Sire’s companions. When seated, let them recite the Book of Songs and the Book of Documents; when standing, let them practice ritual and propriety. This will bring benefits.”
The Prince assented. Gong Sui then selected ten men, led by Zhang An, who were versed in the Classics and possessed a sense of righteousness, to serve the Prince. Yet after a few days the Prince dismissed Zhang An and the rest.
Once, the Prince beheld a great white dog, whose form from the neck downward resembled that of a man. It wore a crown shaped like a square mountain and bore no tail. The Prince, in wonder, asked Gong Sui concerning it. Gong Sui replied: “This is a heavenly warning. It signifies that those who speak before Sire are dogs with human caps. If they are not kept away, calamity will follow.”
Later, the Prince heard one exclaim, “Bear!” Looking about, he saw a great bear, yet none of those present beheld it. The Prince asked Gong Sui about this. Gong Sui said: “The bear, a wild beast of the mountains, has entered the palace, yet only Sire can see it. This again is a divine portent, declaring that the palace will soon be desolate, and peril is near at hand.”
The Prince lamented, gazing upward to Heaven, and said: “Why do these ill omens keep appearing?”
Gong Sui knocked his head upon the ground and said: “I dare not conceal my loyal heart. I have often spoken of the impending danger, though I know it has displeased Sire. Yet whether the state endures or falls does not rest upon my words. I entreat Sire to reflect deeply. The Book of Songs contains three hundred and five odes, embracing the affairs of men and the Way of kingship. Which conduct of Sire accords with even a single verse therein? As a prince among the lords, Sire acts more soiled than the common people. This is to imperil your life and invite destruction. It is fitting to ponder with utmost seriousness!”
Later again blood stained the royal seat. The Prince asked Gong Sui about it. Gong Sui wailed and said: “The palace will long stand empty; portents of ill fortune are repeated. This blood signifies hidden and inauspicious omens. One must be prudent, fearful, and examine oneself!”
Yet despite these warnings, the Prince altered nothing in his behavior.
The 4th year of Emperor Zhao’s Yuanfeng Era (77 B.C.)
On January 2, the Emperor performed the ceremony of coming of age.
On February 9, the Marquis of Fumin, Tian Qianqiu, passed away. At this time, the Grand General Huo Guang alone presided over state affairs. Tian Qianqiu, though serving as Chancellor, was ever cautious in self-protection, rarely involving himself in matters of governance.
In May of summer, fire consumed the main hall of Emperor Wen’s temple. The Emperor and his ministers donned plain attire. The Court Architect, a minister of two-thousand piculs, was ordered to command the soldiers under the Five Colonels(Colonel of garrison cavalry, leaping cavalry, infantry, changshui, archery) of the North Army in its restoration, which was completed within six days. The Minister of Rites and temple officials were indicted for great disrespect and impeached; later, upon a general pardon, the Minister of Ceremonies, Marquis of Liaoyang, Jiang De, was reduced to the rank of commoner.
In June, a general amnesty was proclaimed across the realm.
Formerly, the kingdom of Wumi had sent Crown Prince Lai Dan as a hostage to Qiuci(Kucha). When Ershi General returned from the conquest of Da’yuan, he brought Lai Dan back to the capital. Acting upon the earlier proposal of Sang Hongyang, Huo Guang appointed Lai Dan as Colonel, commanding the military colonies at Luntai.
Guyi, a noble of Qiuci, said to his king: “Lai Dan was once our subject. Now he bears the seal and ribbon of the Han, tilling the soil at our borders. This will surely bring harm in the long run.” The king then put Lai Dan to death, and memorialized the Han court in apology.
When the King of Loulan died, the Xiongnu, having first received the news, sent back their hostage prince Angui and set him up as king. The Han dispatched envoys, commanding the new king to present himself at court; but he refused. Loulan lay at the eastern extremity of the Western Regions, near the Han, close by Bailongdui(a Yardang), barren of water and grass. The king was charged with guiding envoys, supplying transport, fetching water and carrying provisions, and escorting those on mission. Yet the burdens laid upon them by greedy officials and rapacious soldiers brought resentment and dread of punishment; their service to the Han became a vexation.
Thereafter Loulan once more turned to the Xiongnu, plotting treachery, even waylaying and slaying Han envoys. Then Angui’s younger brother, Wei Tuqi, fled to the Han and disclosed their inner dissensions. The Supervisor of the Swift-Horse Stable, Fu Jiezi of Beidi, was sent as envoy to Dayuan, with orders to hold Loulan and Qiuci to account.
Fu Jiezi, reaching Loulan and Qiuci(Kucha), rebuked their kings. They confessed fault and expressed regret. Returning from Dayuan, Fu Jiezi came again to Qiuci, where he encountered Xiongnu envoys returning from Wusun. Fu Jiezi led his retinue in assault and executed them. Upon his return he reported the deed, and an imperial decree appointed him Gentleman of the Household and promoted him to Supervisor of the Pingle Palace.
Fu Jiezi said to the Grand General Huo Guang: “Loulan and Qiuci have time and again defied the court, yet no punishment has fallen upon them, and thus there is no awe. When I passed through Qiuci, I saw its king unguarded. I am willing to slay him, that the might of Han may be made manifest to the nations.”
The Grand General replied: “Qiuci lies far away. Try Loulan first.” Thereupon he gave permission.
Fu Jiezi, with his men, bore gold and coins, proclaiming that they carried gifts for the outer states. When they came to Loulan, the king refused to grant an audience. Fu Jiezi feigned departure toward the western frontier, and said to the interpreter: “The envoy of the Han bears gold and brocade to reward the kingdoms afar. If the king will not come forth, we shall pass onward to the western lands.” Then he displayed the gold and coin before him. The interpreter reported it, and the king, greedy for Han treasure, came forth to meet the envoy.
Fu Jiezi and the Loulan king sat in feast, displaying riches before him. When the drinking grew deep and both were drunk, Fu Jiezi said: “The Son of Heaven has a secret charge for Your Grace.” The king rose and followed him into the tent. Two strong men, lurking behind, thrust their blades into his chest, and King Angui fell dead where he stood.
The consort and attendants scattered in terror. Fu Jiezi proclaimed: “The king has offended the Han. By command of the Son of Heaven I have executed him. Now we shall set up his brother Wei Tuqi, who is in the court of Han. The armies of the Han draw near—resist not, lest your state be destroyed!”
He then cut off the King Angui’s head, bore it swiftly to court, and suspended it beneath the northern gate of Weiyang Palace.
The court then set up Wei Tuqi as king, changed the name of Loulan to Shanshan, and engraved seals for his investiture. The Emperor bestowed upon him a palace lady as queen, and supplied him with chariots, cavalry, and stores. The Chancellor Wang Xin led a hundred officials to escort him to the western gate of Chang’an, offering felicitations and sending him forth.
The king himself petitioned the Emperor, saying: “Long have I dwelt within the Han. Now I return alone and feeble. The sons of the former king may seek my life. In our land is the town of Yixun, rich in fields. I beg that the Han dispatch a general to dwell there, till the soil, and let me lean upon their power.”
The court then sent a Marshal with forty men to Yixun, to farm and safeguard the new king.
In the autumn, on July 23, the Emperor ennobled Fan Mingyou as Marquis of Pingling, and Fu Jiezi as Marquis of Yiyang.
Sima Guang’s commentary: In dealing with the tribes, when they rebel, punish them; when they submit, leave them be. Now the king of Loulanhad already confessed guilt and yielded; yet he was slain, leaving no path for future conciliation. If his crimes were to be punished, then it should have been done openly, with troops deployed and the penalty made plain. But to send an envoy with gold to lure him, and then to kill a king—how shall the nations henceforth trust our envoys? Moreover, to wield the vast strength of the Hanto plot against the barbarians is disgrace indeed. Some may praise Fu Jiezi for a wondrous feat, but such praise is over the top!
The 5th year of Emperor Zhao’s Yuanfeng Era (76 B.C.)
In summer, there was a great drought.
In autumn, the commandery of Xiangjun was abolished; its lands were divided between Yulin and Zangke.
In November of winter, thunder was heard.
On December 6, Marquis Jing of Yichun, Wang Xin, passed away.
The 6th year of Emperor Zhao’s Yuanfeng Era (75 B.C.)
In January of spring, conscripts from the commanderies and principalities were levied to build fortifications in Liaodong and Xuantu.
In summer, a general amnesty was proclaimed throughout the realm.
The Wuhuan once more encroached upon the borders, whereupon the General of the Northern Expedition, Fan Mingyou, was dispatched to repel them.
In winter, on November 27, Yang Chang was appointed Chancellor, and Cai Yi of Henei, the Privy Treasurer, was appointed Grand Master of Censorate.
The 1st year of Emperor Zhao’s Yuanfeng Era (80 B.C. continued)
On September 2, Wang Xin of Fufeng was appointed Grand Master of Censorate.
In October of winter, Du Yannian was enfeoffed as Marquis of Jianping, and Yan Cang was made Marquis of Yicheng. Ren Gong, formerly a liaison in the Chancellery, who had seized Shangguan Jie, was ennobled as Marquis of Yiyang. Wang Shanshou, junior staff of the Chancellery, who enticed Shangguan An into the Chancellery and arrested him, was granted the title of Marquis of Shangli.
Long after, Literati Wei Xiang of Jiyin, in reply to the Emperor’s inquiry, said: “Of late, when the Prince of Yan committed injustice, Han Yi, though bound by close ties, dared to remonstrate sternly, and was slain by the Prince. Han Yi, though not kin to the Prince as Bi Gan was to King Zhou of Shang, followed Bi Gan’s principles. It is fitting that his son be rewarded, to proclaim to the world the righteousness of a loyal minister.” Accordingly, Han Yi’s son, Han Yanshou, was promoted to Grand Master of Remonstration.
The Grand General, Huo Guang, perceiving that the court lacked seasoned officials, appointed the Chamberlain Zhang Anshi—who had long been forthright and had served as Chief of the State Secretariat since the reign of the late Emperor—as General of the Right, concurrently holding his post as Chamberlain, to serve as his second in command. Zhang Anshi was the son of the former Minister of Justice, Zhang Tang. Huo Guang also esteemed the loyalty and integrity of Du Yannian, promoting him in succession to Grand Coachman, Right Office Administrator, and Palace Liaison.
Huo Guang upheld strict enforcement of laws and punishments, while Du Yannian oft aided in tempering them. When officials or commoners submitted petitions for reform, the court charged Du Yannian to review them and present them again for the Emperor’s decision. Those who passed vetting and were recommended for office, were appointed as county magistrates, or employed in the Chancellery or the Censorate. Their conduct was examined yearly, and if found wanting and punishment-warranted, they were disposed accordingly.
That same year, the Xiongnu dispatched twenty thousand cavalry in four columns from the Left and Right Divisions, breaking across the frontier to plunder. Han troops pursued them, beheading many, seizing nine thousand prisoners, and capturing their leader, the Outuo King. The Han suffered no loss. The Xiongnu, fearful that the Outuo King was now in the Han’s hands, and dreading confrontation, withdrew northwest, not daring to advance southward to seek water and pasture. The Han court then recruited settlers to cultivate and guard the land of Outuo.
The 2nd year of Emperor Zhao’s Yuanfeng Era (79 B.C.)
In April of summer, the Emperor moved from Jianzhang Palace to Weiyang Palace.
In June, a general amnesty was proclaimed throughout the realm.
That year, the Xiongnu again sent nine thousand riders to garrison near the City of Defectors, preparing against the Han’s attack. They built a northern bridge over the Yuwu River, to secure their retreat. They desired marriage alliance and peace, yet feared the Han’s refusal, and so dared not first make the request. Instead, their chieftains often hinted of it to the Han envoys. Meanwhile, their raids and thefts diminished, and they received the Han emissaries with increasing courtesy, thereby seeking gradually to achieve reconciliation. The Han, in turn, strove to win their allegiance.
The 3rd year of Emperor Zhao’s Yuanfeng Era (78 B.C.)
In January of spring, on Mount Tai a great stone arose of itself and stood upright. In the Shanglin Park, a willow tree long dead and withered revived and came back to life. Insects fed on its leaves, forming characters that read: “Gongsun Bingyi shall be enthroned.”
Sceptre Custodian Sui Hong of Lu memorialized, saying: “The stone that stands of itself, the withered willow revived—these portents signify that from among the common people one shall soon become Emperor. The tree that revives to life may be the restoration of the Gongsun clan, once cut off. The House of Han, inheriting the mandate from Emperor Yao, is destined now for transfer of reign. It should seek out the virtuous to receive the throne, abdicate willingly, and retain a fief of a hundred li, thus according with Heaven’s will.” For spreading blasphemy to mislead the people, Sui Hong was executed.
At that time, the Xiongnu Chanyu dispatched the Liwu King to reconnoiter the frontier, reporting that the garrisons of Jiuquan and Zhangye were weakened. He urged an expedition to probe their defenses, hoping to recover those lands. The plan was revealed by surrendered Xiongnu, and the Emperor ordered the border commanderies to maintain strict vigilance. Soon after, the Right Tuqi King and the Liwu King led four thousand riders in three columns, raiding Ri’le, Wulan, and Panhe. The Prefect of Zhangye and the Commandant of the colony mustered their troops and engaged them, winning a great victory; only a few hundred escaped.
The Yiqu chieftain, a vassal king, shot and killed the Liwu King with a bow. In reward, he received two hundred catties of gold, two hundred horses, and was ennobled with the title of Liwu King by the Han. From that time forth, the Xiongnu dared not again intrude into Zhangye.
During the turmoil of the Prince of Yan and the Princess Royal Gai’s rebellions, Sang Qian, son of Sang Hongyang, fled into exile and sought refuge with Houshi Wu, once a subordinate of his father. Later, Sang Qian was seized and put to death. When a general amnesty was proclaimed, Houshi Wu came forth of his own accord and was cast into prison. The Minister of Justice, Wang Ping, and the Privy Treasurer, Xu Ren, were charged with handling the cases of those implicated in the rebellion. They submitted: “Sang Qian, though son of a traitor, fled in fear; Houshi Wu sheltered him, not as an accomplice in treason but as one guilty by association. Both should be pardoned.”
Later, the Censorate re-examined the evidence, stating: “Sang Qian, though learned in the Confucian Classics, knew of his father’s conspiracy yet offered no opposition. His guilt is as that of the rebels themselves. Houshi Wu, a minor official of three hundred-picul rank, willingly harbored Sang Qian, unlike commoners who merely hid the implicated. Thus, he cannot be pardoned.” The case was reopened, and charges were pressed against Wang Ping and Xu Ren for showing leniency toward rebels.
Xu Ren, being son-in-law to the Chancellor, Tian Qianqiu, feared that the Grand General Huo Guang would not hear his defense. Tian Qianqiu therefore summoned officials of 2000-picul rank together with scholars to assemble at the palace gate, and deliberate on the case of Houshi Wu. Those present, discerning the intent of Huo Guang, all deemed Houshi Wu guilty. On the morrow, Tian Qianqiu presented their judgment to the Emperor.
The Grand General Huo Guang accused the Chancellor Tian Qianqiu of unilaterally summoning officials and scholars, thereby creating divisions within and without, stirring opposition and spreading rumor. He ordered that Wang Ping and Xu Ren be cast into prison, and the people feared the Chancellor himself might be implicated.
The Grand Coachman, Du Yannian, memorialized the Grand General: “When officials shelter criminals, the statutes already provide for due punishment. Now, to add the charge of Houshi Wu’s impropriety may be overly severe. Moreover, the Chancellor, long known for holding nothing firmly, has been accustomed to speak fair words to his subordinates, in keeping with his nature. That he summoned the 2000-picul officials was improper, yet it accords with his old habit. The Chancellor has long served the late Emperor; there is no grave cause for dismissal, nor should he be cast aside save for open and manifested crimes.
“Of late, the people speak much of harsh judgments and trumped-up charges. Now the Chancellor has spoken in matters of law. If in consequence he should be implicated, it will not accord with public sentiment. There may be unrest among the people, and rumors will spread. I, Du Yannian, humbly believe this will harm the Grand General’s good name.”
The Grand General, deeming the Ministers of Justice and the Privy Treasurer guilty of trifling with the law, sent them to prison.
In April of summer, Xu Ren took his own life. Wang Ping and Jia Shenghu, Prefect of East Pingyi, were executed by waist-chopping. The Chancellor, Tian Qianqiu, was not implicated, and continued thereafter to serve alongside Huo Guang. Du Yannian’s counsel, favoring moderation and concord in the court, helped bring resolution in similar cases.
In winter, the Wuhuan of Liaodong rebelled. In former days, when Modu Chanyu destroyed the Donghu, their remnants scattered, settling about Mount Wuhuan and Mount Xianbei, and from these arose two eponym tribes, long subject to the Xiongnu. Later, Emperor Wu, in his eastern expedition against the Xiongnu, subdued them, and relocated the Wuhuan to Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, and the outer marches of Liaodong, to watch the Xiongnu on behalf of the Han. A Colonel of Protecting the Wuhuan was set over them, charged to guide and restrain them, and to forbid dealings with the Xiongnu. With the passing of years, the Wuhuan waxed strong and rose in rebellion.
At that time, over three thousand Xiongnu cavalry entered Wuyuan, slaying and plundering thousands. Soon thereafter, tens of thousands of their riders ranged south along the frontier, hunting, assaulting the outer posts, and seizing officers and commoners. Yet the watchtowers of the Han stood alert, and the Xiongnu, gaining little by such raids, seldom forced the defenses. From surrendered Xiongnu it was learned that the Wuhuan had earlier despoiled the tomb of a former Chanyu, which roused the wrath of the Xiongnu, and now they were dispatching twenty thousand cavalry to smite the Wuhuan.
The Grand General Huo Guang sought to dispatch troops to intercept and strike. He asked counsel of the Army Protector Commandant, Zhao Chongguo. Zhao Chongguo said: “The Wuhuan have oft violated the passes; now that the Xiongnu assail them, it is as though they act for the Han. Moreover, the Xiongnu seldom raid of late, and the northern frontier enjoys peace. If the barbarians fight among themselves and we send troops to intervene, stirring disorder and kindling strife, it is not a prudent course.”
Huo Guang then consulted the General of Household, Fan Mingyou, who judged it feasible to advance. Fan Mingyou was accordingly appointed General of Crossing Liao and led twenty thousand cavalry to Liaodong. When the Xiongnu heard of the Han army’s arrival, they withdrew.
At first, Huo Guang had warned Fan Mingyou not to let the mobilization be wasted, and if he could not overtake the Xiongnu, to strike the Wuhuan instead. The Wuhuan, having just been harried by the Xiongnu, were weakened. Fan Mingyou attacked them, slew over six thousand, and took the heads of three kings. Thereafter, the Xiongnu, in fear of the Han, dared not again make incursions.
A Idol of Huo Guang in City God Temple of Shanghai
The 1st year of Emperor Zhao’s Yuanfeng Era (80 B.C.)
In spring, the Di tribe of Wudu commandery rebelled. The Bearer of the Mace, Mashi Jian, the Marquis of Longluo, Han Zeng, and the Grand Herald, Tian Guangming, were dispatched, leading convicts drawn from the prisons of the three metropolitan districts and the Ministry of Ceremonies, to suppress the revolt. All who took part in the campaign were exempted from their punishments.
In June of summer, a general amnesty was proclaimed throughout the realm.
In autumn, on July 6, there was a total eclipse of the sun. In August, the reign era was changed.
After Shangguan Jie and his son rose to high station, they sought to requite the Princess Royal(Gai). They endeavored to obtain for her lover, Ding Wairen, the title of marquis, but Huo Guang refused. They then sought to make him Grandee of the Chamberlain, so that he might be summoned to court, but this also was denied. Thereupon the Princess Royal(Gai) bore deep resentment against Huo Guang; and Shangguan Jie and Shangguan An, ashamed of their failure to advance Ding Wairen, shared in her displeasure.
Moreover, the father-in-law of Shangguan Jie favored a man named Chongguo, Supervisor of Imperial Medicine. Chongguo trespassed into the bedchamber of the inner court, was cast into prison, his death impending as winter drew near. To redeem him, the Princess Royal(Gai) was compelled to offer twenty horses; only then was his sentence reduced. From this, Shangguan Jie and Shangguan An came to resent Huo Guang deeply, yet they strove to ingratiate themselves with the Princess Royal(Gai).
Since the reign of the late Emperor, Shangguan Jie had served among the Nine Ministers, ranking above Huo Guang. Later, both father and son were made generals, and the Empress was daughter to Shangguan An, while Huo Guang was her maternal grandfather. In time, Huo Guang gradually assumed control of court affairs, and thus the Shangguan clan contended with him for power.
Prince of Yan, Liu Dan, elder brother of the Emperor, harbored resentment for not being permitted to ascend the throne, and nursed his grievances for long. The Grand Master of Censorate, Sang Hongyang, had instituted the monopolies on liquor, salt, and iron, priding himself on replenishing the treasury. Yet he grew discontent with Huo Guang for failing to secure offices for his sons. Thus, the Princess Royal(Gai), Shangguan Jie, Shangguan An, Sang Hongyang, and Liu Dan came together in conspiracy.
Prince Liu Dan sent more than ten envoys, among them Sun Zongzhi, bearing gold, treasure, and steeds in abundance, to bribe the Princess Royal(Gai), Shangguan Jie, Sang Hongyang, and others. Shangguan Jie and his faction further contrived to draft a memorial in Liu Dan’s name, falsely declaring: “Huo Guang has gone beyond the capital to review the Capital Guard and the Feathered Forest troops. His attendants clear the way as though for the Emperor himself, and the Director of the Imperial Kitchen makes advance preparations for his feasts.”
The memorial also alleged: “Su Wu was detained by the Xiongnu for twenty years without yielding, yet upon return was made mere Minister of Foreign Affairs. Yang Chang, chief-of-staff to the Grand General, though without merit, was appointed Commandant of the Grain Foraging. Furthermore, Huo Guang underhandedly called up colonels to strengthen the office of Grand General. Huo Guang hoards power and lives in indulgence, raising suspicion of imminent peril. I, Liu Dan, am willing to return the seal of my princedom, join the Imperial Guard, and expose traitors and their plots.”
When Huo Guang was absent on leave, Shangguan Jie sought to act from within by presenting the memorial, expecting Sang Hongyang and others to join in demanding Huo Guang’s removal. Yet when the memorial was laid before the throne, the Emperor took no action.
On the morrow, when Huo Guang heard of it, he halted at the War Planning Chamber and dared not enter the main hall. The Emperor asked, “Where is the Grand General?”
General of the Left, Shangguan Jie, replied: “He has been accused by Prince Liu Dan, and therefore dares not enter.”
An edict summoned the Grand General. Huo Guang entered, his cap doffed, and bowed low in apology. The Emperor said: “General, put on your cap! I know the accusations in this memorial are false. You are not guilty.”
Huo Guang asked: “How does Your Majesty know this?”
The Emperor said: “Your inspection of the Guard Officers at Guangming Pavillion was recent, and the order to call up colonels was issued within ten days. How could Prince Liu Dan, a thousand miles away, know of it? Moreover, had you plotted wrongdoing, there would have been no need to summon colonels.”
At that time, the Emperor was only fourteen years of age, and the ministers of the State Secretariat and the courtiers alike were astonished. The messenger who had submitted the memorial vanished timely, and a great search was made for him. Shangguan Jie and his faction, stricken with fear, pleaded with the Emperor, saying: “This matter is not worth pursuing.” The Emperor gave no ear.
Thereafter, those who conspired with Shangguan Jie sought again to slander Huo Guang, but the Emperor grew angry and rebuked them, saying: “The Grand General is a loyal minister, appointed by the late Emperor to aid me. Whoever defames him shall be punished!”
From that time forth, Shangguan Jie and the rest dared not again speak ill of Huo Guang.
Li Deyu’s commentary: The virtue of a sovereign lies foremost in sagacity. With sagacity, falsehood is made plain, and a hundred evils cannot be concealed. Emperor Zhao of Han was such a person. King Cheng of Zhou should be ashamed; even Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Wen, and Emperor Jing of Han cannot compare.
King Cheng, upon hearing slanders from Uncle Guan and Uncle Cai, drove the Duke of Zhou to a reluctant eastward campaign. Emperor Gaozu, upon learning that Chen Ping had forsaken Wei and turned from Chu, nearly cast aside his loyal minister. Emperor Wen, misled by rumor that Ji Bu was drunken and unfit for office, dismissed him back to his home; suspecting Jia Yi of holding too much power and sowing disorder, he kept distance from him as well. Emperor Jing, trusting the scheme that the execution of Chao Cuo would quell revolt, put to death one of the Three Excellencies.
Thus it is said: “Where there is first suspicion in the heart, thereafter comes the talk of slander.” If Emperor Zhao were aided by Yi Yinand Lü Shang, then King Chengand King Kangof Zhouwould not have been his equals.
Shangguan Jie and his faction plotted with the Princess Royal(Gai) to host a banquet, inviting Huo Guang and laying an ambush to slay him. Thereafter they would depose the Emperor and raise the Prince of Yan, Liu Dan, to the throne. Liu Dan sent secret letters by the postal service, promising to enfeoff Shangguan Jie as king, and forged alliances with many powerful men of the commanderies and principalities.
When Liu Dan consulted his Prime Minister, Ping, the latter said: “When Your Grace once conspired with Liu Ze, the plot was exposed. Liu Ze boasted of his talents and was reckless. Now I hear that the General of the Left is rash and indiscreet, and the General of Chariots and Cavalry is young and arrogant. I fear that, as with Liu Ze, the affair will not succeed; and if it should succeed, they may turn against Your Grace.”
Liu Dan answered: “Of late a man came forth, claiming to be the former Crown Prince. The people of Chang’an were thrown into tumult, and the uproar could scarcely be quelled. The Grand General, fearful, dispatched troops in precaution. I am the late Emperor’s eldest son, and all the people know me. Why then should there be fear of betrayal?”
Later he told his ministers: “The Princess Royal says that the great obstacle lies only with the Grand General and with the General of the Right, Wang Mang. Now the General of the Right is dead, and the Chancellor is ill—fortune is with us, and success is nearly certain. Soon all shall be proven.” He ordered his ministers to pack their goods and prepare for departure.
Shangguan An further conspired to ensnare the Prince of Yan, put him to death, and then depose the Emperor, setting Shangguan Jie upon the throne. Some asked, “What shall be done with the Empress?”
Shangguan An replied: “When a hound startles a moose, should one trouble himself over a hare? Moreover, the Empress serves for honor and station; once imperial favor shifts, it would be unattainable for her to survive even if she wanted to be a maid. This is an opportunity rare in a hundred generations!”
At that time, the father of an attendant to the Princess Royal, Yan Cang, was serving as a tax collector. Learning of the plot, he disclosed it to the Minister of Agriculture, Yang Chang. Yang Chang, ever cautious and fearful of entanglement, dared not speak openly. Feigning illness, he took a sick leave and informed the Grand Master of Remonstration, Du Yannian, who thereupon reported it to the throne.
In September, an edict commanded the Chancellor to lead the officials of two-thousand-picul rank and above to seize Sun Zongzhi, Shangguan Jie, Shangguan An, Sang Hongyang, Ding Wairen, and others, together with their clans, and all were executed. The Princess Royal Gai took her own life.
When the Prince of Yan, Liu Dan, heard this, he summoned his Prime Minister, Ping, and said: “The plot has failed. Shall we now rise in revolt?” Ping replied: “The General of the Left is already dead, and the affair is known to all. It cannot be done.”
The prince, in distress, held a farewell feast with his ministers and consorts. At that time, an edict was issued censuring Liu Dan. Liu Dan then took the ribbon of his princely seal and hanged himself; more than twenty, including his queen and favored consort, followed him in death.The Emperor extended clemency, pardoning Liu Dan’s son, Liu Jian, stripping him of titles to commoner rank. Liu Dan was granted the posthumous title “Prince La.” The Empress, being young, uninvolved in the plot, and also granddaughter of Huo Guang, was spared deposition.
Frozen Lake Baikal near Olkhon island, Photo by Sergey Pesterev
The 6th year of Emperor Zhao’s Shiyuan Era (81 B.C.)
In February of spring, an edict was issued, commanding officials to inquire within the commanderies and counties regarding the selection of men of virtue and learning, the grievances and priorities of the people, and the essentials of education and culture. The consensus submitted said: “It is fitting to abolish the state monopolies on salt, iron, liquor, and regulated trade, and not contend with the people for profit. By showing frugality and moderation, then will education and culture be nourished.”
But Sang Hongyang opposed, saying: “These are the foundations of the state’s great enterprise, the means to control the barbarians, secure the borders, and supply the realm. They cannot be abolished.” Thus began the debate on salt and iron trade.
At that time, Su Wu was banished to the northern sea[Lake Baikal]. Suffering want, he dug for wild rodents and ate grass seeds to sustain life, for his provisions were oft cut off. He tended goats, holding the scepter of Han court in his hand; whether lying down or rising, he grasped it still, though its tassels had long since fallen away.
In the Han court, Su Wu and Li Ling both had served as privy counselors. When Li Ling surrendered to the Xiongnu, he dared not seek a meeting with Su Wu. After some years, the Chanyu sent Li Ling to the northern sea to persuade him.
Li Ling prepared a feast with music for Su Wu, and said: “The Chanyu, knowing the closeness between Ziqing[Su Wu’s courtesy name] and me, has sent me to persuade you. He truly desires to treat you with favor. There is no path by which you may return to Han; your suffering is but in vain. In this wasteland, cut off from men, who can witness your loyalty and righteousness?
“Your two brothers, once implicated, have already taken their own lives. When I departed, your mother, the Grand Lady, had passed away. I heard that your wife, being still young, has remarried. You have two younger sisters, two daughters, and a son. More than ten years have passed, and none knows their fate. Life is but morning dew; why torment yourself with hardship for so long?
“When I, Li Ling, first surrendered, I was like a mad man, ever regretting my betrayal of Han, all the more when my aged mother was bound in prison. Your unwillingness to surrender cannot surpass that of Li Ling. However, the Emperor grows old, laws are uncertain, and many loyal ministers have already been exterminated unjustly. The time is perilous and unpredictable—whom then, Ziqing, do you still desire to serve?”
Su Wu said: “The honors achieved by my father and his sons, though we were men of no station, are all by the grace of the Son of Heaven. We were entrusted with commands as generals, our ranks raised to marquises. My brothers attended the Emperor closely, and I myself wished to devote my body and soul. Now, if I may die to prove my loyalty, though it be by execution or in the cauldron of boiling water, I shall accept it with gladness. To serve the ruler is as to serve one’s father; if a son dies for his father, he has no regrets. Speak no more of this!”
After some days of feasting and drinking with Su Wu, Li Ling again said: “Ziqing, pray listen once more to the words of Li Ling!”
Su Wu cut him off: “I have long reckoned myself as one already dead. If the Chanyu desires the surrender of Su Wu, then let us first complete today’s joy, and I will die before you willingly.”
Li Ling, moved by his steadfastness, sighed and said: “Alas! Truly you are a man of utmost righteousness. The crimes of Li Ling and Wei Lü reach up to the sky when set beside you!” Tears fell down his face, wetting his lapels. Li Ling bid adieu to Su Wu, leaving several tens of cattle and sheep as a gift.
Later, Li Ling returned to the northern sea(Lake Baikal) and told Su Wu of Emperor Wu’s death. Su Wu wailed in grief, shed tears, and coughed blood. By day and by night he mourned, and this lasted for many months.
When Huyandi became Chanyu, the Xiongnu’s Queen Dowager Yanzhi held sway and wielded power improperly. Discord arose within, and they feared an attack from the Han. Then Wei Lü counseled the Chanyu, proposing peace. When Han envoys came, they inquired after Su Wu and his men, but the Xiongnu falsely claimed that Su Wu had been dead already.
Afterwards, Han envoys again came to the Xiongnu. At that time, Chang Hui, who had served as Su Wu’s assistant, secretly met with the envoy and told him what to say: “The Son of Heaven went hunting in Shanglin Park. He caught a wild goose, and on its leg was tied a silk slip, upon which was written that Su Wu and his men are held in a marshland.” The envoy, taking these words, presented them before the Chanyu. The Chanyu, greatly startled, turned his eyes about and said: “Su Wu and the others are indeed here.” He then released Su Wu together with Ma Hong, sending them back to the Han.
Ma Hong had once been sent as assistant to the Grandee of Chamberlain, Wang Zhong, envoy to the Western Regions. When Wang Zhong perished in battle, Ma Hong was seized by the Xiongnu. Though pressed, he would not yield, but remained steadfast. Now the Xiongnu returned the two men to the Han, as a token of goodwill.
Li Ling made a feast for Su Wu, and said: “Now you return home, your fame spreads among the Xiongnu and you are admired in the Han. Even the bamboo annals and painted scrolls of antiquity cannot fully extol the deeds of Ziqing! I, Li Ling, though weak and timid, if the Han court had shown lenience toward my guilt and cared for my aged mother, I would have borne the shame, fulfilled my long-cherished intent, and, like Cao Mo of Qi, sought a covenant of peace between Han and the Xiongnu. This is what Li Ling has never forgotten. Yet they slaughtered my family with collective punishment—this crime is beyond measure! What remains for Li Ling to look back upon? It is finished. I only hope Ziqing will understand my heart.” Tears streamed down his face, and he took leave of Su Wu.
The Chanyu then summoned Su Wu together with his surviving subordinates; save those who had surrendered or died, nine men in all returned with him. When they reached the capital, an edict commanded Su Wu to offer a grand sacrifice of ox, sheep, and pig at the mausoleum of Emperor Wu. He was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, holding rank of two thousand piculs, and was granted two million coins, two acres of public land, and a residence in the capital.
Su Wu had dwelt among the Xiongnu for nineteen years. He departed in his prime, yet when he returned, his hair and beard were white. Huo Guang, Shangguan Jie, and Li Ling had been close friends. Huo Guang sent Li Ling’s old friend, Ren Lizheng of Longxi, with three others, to summon him back from Xiongnu. But Li Ling refused, saying: “To return is easy, but a man cannot endure repeated humiliation.” Thus he chose to remain and die among the Xiongnu.
In summer, there was drought.
In July of autumn, the Emperor, following the counsel of the worthy and learned, abolished the offices that managed the monopoly on liquor and regulated trade. By the end of Emperor Wu’s reign, the empire was depleted, and the population reduced by half. Huo Guang, discerning the urgency of the times, eased burdens and lessened taxes, bringing the people respite. With peace made with the Xiongnu, the populace began to recover, and the policies of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing were gradually restored.
An edict honored the Marquis of Gouding, Wu Bo, who had led his tribesmen in suppressing rebellion, elevating him to King of Gouding. Tian Guangming was likewise ennobled as a Marquis within Passes.
Princess Royal Gai had illicit relations with Ding Wairen of He’jian, a retainer of her son. Shangguan An was Ding Wairen’s friend, and spoke to him, “My daughter’s beauty is without peer. If, by the Princess Royal Gai’s connection, she may be admitted to the harem, and in time become Empress, then my father and I shall hold great strength in court. As for you—by the custom of the Han, princesses are wed to marquises; why then should you doubt that you will not be made a marquis?”
Ding Wairen was pleased, and conveyed these words to the Princess Royal Gai. The Princess Royal Gai consented, and ordered that Shangguan An’s daughter enter the palace as a consort. Shangguan An was thereupon appointed Commandant of Cavalry.
The 4th year of Emperor Zhao’s Shiyuan Era (83 B.C.)
On March 25 of spring, Empress Shangguan was established, and a general amnesty was proclaimed throughout the realm.
In the southwest, the tribes of Gu Zeng and Ye Yu rose again in rebellion. The Commandant of Water Conservancy, Lü Bihu, was ordered to lead the troops of Yizhou against them. But Lü Bihu, being fearful, did not advance. The barbarians slew the Governor of Yizhou, and, pressing their advantage, fought with Lü Bihu. More than four thousand soldiers were slain or drowned. In winter, the Grand Herald, Tian Guangming, was sent to subdue them.
That year, the Minister of Justice, Li Zhong, was convicted of sanctioning criminals on death roll, sentenced to death, and his corpse cast into the marketplace.
In the same year, Shangguan An was made General of Chariots and Cavalry.
The 5th year of Emperor Zhao’s Shiyuan Era (82 B.C.)
In January of spring, the Emperor’s maternal grandfather, Zhao Fu, was posthumously honored with the title Marquis of Shuncheng. The Marquis of Shuncheng had a sister, Zhao Junxu, who was enriched with a grant of two million coins, slaves, and a residence. Each of her brothers, according to their closeness to the throne, was rewarded with gifts, but none of them were employed in government or awarded titles.
At that time, a man driving a cart drawn by a yellow calf arrived at the northern gate, claiming to be the Crown Prince Wei, Liu Ju. The matter was reported by the Office of Public Transportation. An edict was issued, commanding the Three Excellencies, ministers, generals, and officials of two-thousand-picul rank to investigate and ascertain the truth. Tens of thousands of people gathered in Chang’an to witness the event, and the General of the Right mobilized troops to guard against disturbances. The Chancellor, the Censors, and the officials of two-thousand-picul rank all assembled, yet none dared to speak.
Later, the Intendant of Jingzhao, Juan Buyi, arrived and ordered his subordinates to arrest the man. Some advised waiting until the truth could be verified, but Juan Buyi declared: “Why hesitate over the so-called Crown Prince Wei? In the past, Kuai Kui, Duke Zhuang of Wey, defied orders and fled, yet he was rejected by his son Kuai Zhe, Duke Chu of Wey, as recorded approvingly in the Spring and Autumn Annals. The Crown Prince Wei committed offenses against the late Emperor. Even if he had not yet met his end, to come forth now of his own accord still marks him as a criminal!”
The man was seized and thrown into the imperial prison. The Emperor and the Grand General Huo Guang commended Juan Buyi, saying: “Officials and ministers should be men proficient in the Classics and upright in righteousness.”
Thus Juan Buyi rose to fame in the court, and even those in positions of power regarded themselves as his inferiors. The Minister of Justice investigated the matter and discovered that the man was in fact a swindler named Cheng Fangsui from Xiayang, who had been practicing divination by casting lots in Hu County. A former attendant of the Crown Prince had once consulted Cheng Fangsui and remarked, “Your appearance bears a striking resemblance to the Crown Prince Wei.” Cheng Fangsui seized upon this comment, hoping thereby to gain wealth and rank. Found guilty of deception, he was sentenced to be waist-chopped.
In the sixth month of summer, Shangguan An was ennobled as Marquis of Sang’le. Arrogant and self-indulgent, Shangguan An was often the recipient of lavish gifts within the palace. In the company of guests, he would boast of his intimacy with the Emperor, declaring: “I drank merrily with my son-in-law! When I see the clothes he wears, I feel compelled to return home and burn all my own garments.” When his son fell ill and died, he looked upward and cursed Heaven. His conduct was obstinate and recalcitrant.
The commanderies of Dan’er (Hainan Island) and Zhenfan (in Korea) were abolished.
In autumn, the Grand Herald Tian Guangming and the Judge General Wang Ping led an attack against rebels in Yizhou, beheading and capturing more than thirty thousand of the indigenous people and seizing over fifty thousand head of livestock.
Grandee of Remonstration Du Yannian, seeing the extravagance and frequent military expeditions after the reign of Emperor Wu, repeatedly counseled the Grand General Huo Guang, saying: “The harvests have been poor for consecutive years, and the displaced people have not yet fully returned to their homes. It would be wise to emulate the governance of Emperor Wen—practicing frugality, leniency, and harmony; attuning to the will of Heaven, bringing joy to the people, and in time the seasons will improve.” Huo Guang accepted his advice. Du Yannian was the son of the former Grand Master of Censorate, Du Zhou.
The Ruins of the Xiongnu’s Court Longcheng(Dragon City), Mongolia
The 1st year of Emperor Zhao’s Shiyuan Era (86 B.C.)
In summer, the tribes of twenty-four towns in Yizhou rose in rebellion, numbering more than thirty thousand. The Commandant of Waterways, Lü Bihu, summoned officials and civilians, and drew forth the troops of Qianwei and Shu commanderies to strike them. The rebels were routed, and a great victory was won.
In July of autumn, a general amnesty was proclaimed throughout the realm.
Heavy rains endured until October, the waters surged and swept away the bridge upon the Wei River.
When Emperor Wu first passed away, the new Emperor issued an edict of mourning to all the feudal lords. The Prince of Yan, Liu Dan, on receiving it, declined to wear mourning garb, saying, “The seal-envelope is smaller than before; surely some irregularity has arisen at the capital.” He dispatched his trusted men Shouxi Chang, Sun Zongzhi, Wang Ru, and others to Chang’an, outwardly to inquire into ritual observances, but in truth to spy upon court affairs.
The Son of Heaven, by decree, sent gracious words and bestowed gifts upon Liu Dan: three hundred thousand coins, with an increase of thirteen thousand households in his fief. Yet Liu Dan waxed wroth, saying, “It is I who should be enthroned as Emperor, not be given trifles.”
He conspired with his kin, the Prince of Zhongshan, Liu Chang, and Liu Ze, grandson of the Prince of Qi. Together they forged false decrees, alleging the late Emperor Wu having granted them governance and personnel of principalities, urging them to strengthen their armaments and make preparations beyond the ordinary.
The Gentleman of the Household, Cheng Zhen, admonished Liu Dan, saying, “Your Highness, why idly contend for what is yours by right? You must rise and seize it. When Your Highness raises the standard, even the women of the realm will rally to your cause.”
Thus Liu Dan entered into a secret covenant with Liu Ze, and together they composed a false proclamation to be spread abroad, declaring, “The young sovereign is no true son of Emperor Wu, but one foisted upon the throne by ministers. Let the whole realm rise together and strike him down!” Thereupon emissaries were dispatched to the provinces, sowing sedition among the people.
Liu Ze plotted to raise troops and march upon Linzi, intending to slay the Inspector of Qingzhou, Juan Buyi. Liu Dan gathered disloyal men from the provinces, amassed copper and iron to forge armor, conducted wapenshaws of his horsemen, chariots and infantry officers, and held great hunts to drill his soldiers, awaiting the appointed day.
The Palace Gentleman Han Yi and others often remonstrated with him, but Liu Dan grew wrathful, and slew fifteen men, Han Yi among them.
At that time, the Marquis of Ping, Liu Cheng, discerned Liu Ze’s treachery and secretly informed Juan Buyi. In August, Juan Buyi seized Liu Ze and his accomplices, and reported the matter to the throne.
The Son of Heaven dispatched the Associate Grand Herald to investigate, and summoned the Prince of Yan. By edict it was declared: “The Prince of Yan, being of close kin, shall be spared punishment.” Liu Ze and his followers were executed. Juan Buyi was promoted to Intendant of the Jingzhao(the Capital).
Juan Buyi, as Intendant of the Jingzhao, was held in reverence by both officials and the people. Whenever he went forth to circuit the counties or to review the prisons, his mother would inquire of him, saying, “Have you redressed any wrongs? How many have been acquitted?”
Whenever Juan Buyi overturned false judgments, his mother rejoiced greatly, her countenance more radiant than at other times. But if no injustices were set right, she grew wrathful and refused food. Thus Juan Buyi, in office, was stern yet not harsh, severe yet not cruel, ever weighing fairness in his judgments.
On September 2, Marquis Jing of Du, Jīn Mìdī, passed away. Earlier, when Emperor Wu lay ill, a testamentary decree had ordered that Jīn Mìdī be enfeoffed as Marquis of Du, Shangguan Jie as Marquis of Anyang, and Huo Guang as Marquis of Bolu, in recognition of their merits in subduing rebels such as Ma Heluo. Yet Jīn Mìdī, considering the tender age of the new Emperor, declined the title; Huo Guang and the others likewise did not dare to accept.
When Jīn Mìdī was stricken with grave illness, Huo Guang memorialized that he should be ennobled. As Jīn Mìdī lay upon his bed, the seal and ribbon were brought to him; he received them, but died that very day.
His two sons, Jin Shang and Jin Jian, both served as attendants to the new Emperor, being of near equal age. They slept and ate together. Jin Shang was appointed Commandant of the Imperial Chariot, and Jin Jian Commandant of the Imperial Cavalry.
After Jin Shang inherited his father’s marquisate, he bore two ribbons. The Emperor said to General Huo Guang, “The two brothers of the Jīn clan—should both of them wear two ribbons?”
Huo Guang replied, “Jin Shang inherited his father’s marquisate, thus he wears one ribbon more.”
The Emperor smiled, saying, “But is not the granting of titles a matter between you and me, General?”
Huo Guang answered, “It was the decree of the late Emperor, that titles be bestowed according to merit.” Thus the matter was put to rest.
In the intercalary month of October, the former Minister of Justice, Wang Ping, and others were dispatched, bearing the imperial sceptre, to make circuits through the provinces, to seek out men of virtue, to hear the grievances of the people, and to rectify cases of injustice and incompetence.
That winter was unseasonably warm, and no ice was formed.
The 2nd year of Emperor Zhao’s Shiyuan Era (85 B.C.)
In January of spring, General Huo Guang was enfeoffed as Marquis of Bolu, and General Shangguan Jie as Marquis of Anyang.
There were those who admonished Huo Guang, saying: “General, have you not observed the fate of the partisans of the Lü clan? Though they held the offices of Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou, they grasped the reins of state alone, monopolized power, slighted the imperial clan, and shared not their duties with others. Thus the trust of the realm was lost, and ruin swiftly came upon them.
“Now you stand in a position of utmost weight, while the Emperor grows toward maturity. It is meet and right that you draw in the scions of the imperial house, confer with ministers, and reverse the ways of the Lü faction, so that calamity may be averted.”
Huo Guang assented to this counsel. He therefore summoned worthy men of the imperial clan, and appointed Liu Piqiang, grandson of Prince Yuan of Chu(Liu Jiao), and Liu Changle, of the imperial lineage, as Grand Master of Chamberlain. Liu Piqiang was further made Commandant of the Changle Palace Guard.
In March, envoys were dispatched to extend loans and relief to the poor who lacked seed grain and sustenance.
In August of autumn, an edict was issued, declaring: “In previous couple of years, calamities have been many. This year, the mulberry and wheat production suffers greatly. Let the loans and relief granted for seed and food not be repaid, and let the people be exempt from this year’s land tax.”
In earlier times, Emperor Wu had pursued the Xiongnu without respite for more than twenty years, whereby the Xiongnu suffered grievous losses in horses, livestock, and populace. The foaling of horses and calving of cattle declined sharply, and the Xiongnu were sorely troubled by the failing of their herds. Ever did they yearn for peace, yet no settlement was achieved.
The Chanyu Hulugu had a younger half-brother of the same father, who served as Left Grand Commandant, a man of talent and greatly esteemed among the people. But Hulugu’s mother, Zhuanqu Yanzhi, feared her son would be set aside and the younger brother chosen as heir. She therefore caused him to be secretly slain.
An elder brother of the Left Grand Commandant, born of the same mother, nourished hatred in his heart and refused to attend the Chanyu’s court.
In that year, the Chanyu fell gravely ill and neared death. He spoke to the nobles, saying: “My sons are yet young and cannot rule the state. I would appoint my brother, the Right Guli King, to succeed me as Chanyu.”
When the Chanyu died, Wei Lü and others conspired with Zhuanqu Yanzhi to conceal the news. They forged a decree in the Chanyu’s name, and set up her son, the Left Guli King, as the new Chanyu, taking the title Huyandi.
The Left Tuqi King and the Right Guli King bore anger and resentment. With their followers, they resolved to march south and surrender to the Han. Fearing they could not accomplish this alone, they compelled King Lutu to defect with them to the Western Wusun.
King Lutu revealed their plot to the Chanyu. The Chanyu sent envoys to question them, but the Left Guli King refused obedience, and in turn accused King Lutu of treason. The people bewailed the injustice.
Thereafter, the two princes departed, each establishing his own dwelling, and no longer appeared at the Chanyu’s court–Longcheng, where deities were worshiped. From this time, the power of the Xiongnu waned.
In February, a general amnesty was proclaimed throughout the realm.
In June of summer, Shangqiu Cheng, accused of cursing and casting spells against the Emperor, took his own life.
The Deputy Privy Counselor, Ma Heluo, maintained close ties with Jiang Chong. When the Crown Prince rose in arms, Ma Heluo’s younger brother, Ma Tong, was enfeoffed as Marquis of Chonghe for his valor in battle. Thereafter, when the Emperor destroyed the family and faction of Jiang Chong, Ma Heluo and his brothers, fearing retribution, plotted rebellion. The Privy Counselor and Commandant of Escorting Cavalry, Jin Midi, perceiving their strange demeanor, grew suspicious. He kept watch over them, following their movements closely. Ma Heluo, wary of Jin Midi’s vigilance, delayed acting.
When the Emperor was residing at Linguang Palace, Jin Midi feigned slight illness and rested in a small hut. That night, Ma Heluo, together with his brothers Ma Tong and Ma Ancheng, forged an imperial order, sneaked forth under cover of darkness, slew a court envoy, and raised troops in mutiny. By dawn, before the Emperor had risen, Ma Heluo had entered the palace precincts.
Jin Midi, indisposed in the privy, felt a sudden foreboding. He hastened to the Emperor’s bedchamber and seated himself at the door. Ma Heluo came forth from the eastern wing with a dagger hidden in his sleeve; on seeing Jin Midi, his countenance changed. Seeking to enter the Emperor’s chamber, he stumbled against a treasured zither and fell. Jin Midi seized him, crying out, “Ma Heluo has rebelled!”
The Emperor, startled, rose swiftly. The guards rushed forward with weapons drawn, but the Emperor, fearing Jin Midi might be harmed, commanded them to stay in their hands. Jin Midi subdued and bound Ma Heluo. Upon thorough investigation, all who had joined the plot confessed and were executed.
In July of autumn, there was an earthquake.
The Prince of Yan, Liu Dan, deeming himself the rightful heir, petitioned to enter the imperial guard. The Emperor, angered, executed his envoy at the northern gate. Moreover, for harboring fugitives, he confiscated from Liu Dan three counties—Liangxiang, Anci, and Wen’an. From this, the Emperor came to hold Liu Dan in deep aversion. Liu Dan was eloquent, keen-witted, and learned; his brother, the King of Guangling, Liu Xu, was strong and valorous. Yet both were unrestrained in conduct, committing many offenses, and thus the Emperor regarded neither as fit to succeed him.
At this time, the son of Madame Gouyi, Liu Fuling, was seven years of age, sturdy in form and quick in understanding. The Emperor loved and favored him greatly and desired to set him as heir, but because of his tender years and his mother’s youth, he delayed the matter. Seeking worthy ministers to aid him, he looked among his courtiers and found the Commandant of Chariots and Grandee of the Chamberlain, Huo Guang, to be loyal, benevolent, and steadfast in managing great matters. Therefore, he ordered the Yellow Gate Attendants to paint the scene of the Duke of Zhou piggybacking King Cheng of Zhou, and bestowed this painting upon Huo Guang.
A few days thereafter, the Emperor, without cause, reproached Madame Gouyi. She removed her hairpins and bowed her head to the ground. The Emperor said, “Take her away and send her to the court prison!” As she turned to look back and plead, the Emperor added, “Hasten! You shall not live!” In the end, she was put to death.
Later, when the Emperor was in seclusion, he asked those around him, “What do the people say beyond the palace?” They replied, “The people say, ‘If you intend to enthrone her son, why put his mother to death?’”
The Emperor said, “This is not something that the simpletons like you guys could comprehend. In the history of the realm, disorder often springs from a child-sovereign with a strong mother. A woman in high station, living free of restraint and alone in her chambers, will give herself to excess, and none will check her. Have you not heard of Empress Lü? Therefore, We have to remove her first.”
The 2nd year of Emperor Wu’s Houyuan Era (87 B.C.)
In January of spring, the Emperor held court with the vassal kings at Ganquan Palace. In February, he went on a royal procession to the Wuzuo Palace in Zhouzhi.
The Emperor became gravely ill. Huo Guang, in grief and tears, asked, “If the unthinkable should occur, who should be established?” The Emperor said, “Have you not understood the meaning of the painting I bestowed upon you? Establish the younger son, and you shall act as the Duke of Zhou.” Huo Guang, with modesty, declined, saying he was not as fit for the role as Jin Midi.
Jin Midi, in turn, said, “I am but a foreigner, less suited than Huo Guang; moreover, such a choice would cause the Xiongnu to hold Han in contempt.”
On February 12, an edict was issued making Liu Fuling the Crown Prince, at the age of eight.
On February 13, Huo Guang was appointed Grand Marshal and Grand General; Jin Midi, General of Chariots and Cavalry; Shangguan Jie, General of the Left—each charged, by posthumous decree, to assist the young ruler. Sang Hongyang, Commandant of Granary Collection, was made Grand Master of the Censorate. All received their commissions kneeling by the Emperor’s bed.
Huo Guang had served within the palace for over twenty years. When the Emperor went abroad, he attended the chariot; when the Emperor ascended, he stood at his side. Meticulous and prudent, he was never in error. His manner was composed, calm, and thorough. Whether entering, leaving, or passing through the palace gates, his steps were measured and even; the palace attendants and servants, watching in secret, could find no deviation in his bearing or gait.
Jin Midi had been by the Emperor’s side for decades, ever reverent, never meeting the Emperor’s gaze. When granted with palace women, he refused; when the Emperor urged him to take his daughter into the inner palace, he declined. His wariness and restraint in such matters amazed the Emperor.
Jin Midi’s eldest son was a playboy of the Emperor and much beloved. As he grew older, he became unruly, engaging in wanton conduct with the palace maids. Jin Midi, seeing his son’s lewd behavior, abhorred it and slew him. When the Emperor heard, he was wroth. Jin Midi prostrated himself and explained the cause; the Emperor was deeply grieved and wept, and thereafter esteemed Jin Midi all the more.
Shangguan Jie first gained favor for his strength and bodily vigor, serving as Superintendent of the Imperial Stables at Weiyang Palace. Once, when the Emperor had been ill and then recovered, he saw that the horses were emaciated, and in anger said, “Do you think I no longer see the horses?” He sought to punish the officer in charge.
Shangguan Jie bowed low and said, “I have heard that when Your Majesty’s health is unsound, my days and nights are filled with anxiety; surely my mind has not been fixed on the horses.” Before he had finished, tears streamed down his face. The Emperor, taking this for sincere devotion, drew him nearer, making him a Privy Counselor and gradually advancing him to Grand Coachman.
These three—Huo Guang, Jin Midi, and Shangguan Jie—were ever trusted and cherished by the Emperor, and thus were entrusted with the care of the realm after his passing.
On February 14, the Emperor passed away at Wuzuo Palace, and was laid in state before the hall of Weiyang Palace, awaiting the funeral procession.
The Emperor was intelligent and decisive, skilled in the selection of men, and upheld justice without compromise. Princess Longlü, daughter of Emperor Jing, had a son, Lord Zhaoping, who married the Emperor’s daughter, Princess Yi’an. When Princess Longlü fell gravely ill, she offered a thousand catties of gold and ten million coins as a preemptive ransom for Lord Zhaoping, should he commit any future offense; the Emperor accepted it.
After the Princess’s death, Lord Zhaoping became wanton and lawless. Once, while drunk, he slew his nurse, and was imprisoned. The Minister of Justice appealed on his behalf, and many in the court said, “He has already been redeemed, and Your Majesty consented.”
The Emperor said, “My younger sister, in her later years, had but this one son, and entrusted him to me.” He wept long, lamenting, and said, “The laws and statutes were set by the former Emperor. To use my sister’s case to break the laws of the former Emperor—how could I face the ancestral temple? I would also betray the trust of the people.”
He approved the death sentence, yet could not restrain his grief, and all around him were sorrowful. Only the gate usher, Dongfang Shuo, offered congratulations, saying, “I have heard that in the rule of the virtuous sovereign, reward is given without regard to friendship, and punishment without regard to kinship. As the Book of Documents says, ‘Without bias or partisanship, the kingly way is broad and vast.’ These two principles were most prized by the Five Emperors and the Three Sage Kings. Now that Your Majesty has put them into practice, it is great good fortune for the world. I, Dongfang Shuo, dare offer this cup in congratulation, at the risk of my life, and humbly wish Your Majesty eternal years.”
At first the Emperor was angered with Dongfang Shuo, but later admired him, and appointed him as a Palace Attendant.
Ban Gu’s Appraisal: The Han inherited the flaws of its predecessors, yet Emperor Gaozu, the Founder, quelled disorder and restored peace. Emperors Wen and Jing devoted themselves to the nourishment of the people, though in the study of ancient rites and learning there still remained deficiencies.
At the outset of his reign, Emperor Wu decisively set aside the hundred schools, compiled the Six Classics, and promulgated them throughout the realm. He selected men of talent and employed them, established the Imperial Academy, perfected the sacrificial rites, corrected the calendar, set in order the chronology, harmonized the musical tones, composed poems and music, revived the Feng Shan sacrifices, worshipped many deities, and honored the descendants of the Zhou. His edicts were brilliant in diction and elegant in form. Those who came after were able to emulate his illustrious achievements and carry forward the legacy of the Three Dynasties(Xia, Shang, Zhou).
If, with his great talent and far-seeing vision, he had continued the frugality and humility of Emperors Wen and Jing, thereby bringing benefit to the people, he would have been counted among the loftiest sovereigns praised in the Book of Songs and the Book of Documents.
Sima Guang’s Commentary: Emperor Wu gave rein to extravagance, imposed severe punishments and heavy taxes, squandered within the palace, and waged wars upon the surrounding tribes. He trusted in strange portents, was swayed by occultists, and undertook excessive journeys, exhausting the people, so that they grew weary and banditry arose. In these respects, his conduct differed little from that of the First Emperor of Qin.
Yet, while Qin fell through such ways, Han endured. This was because Emperor Wu could honor the practices of the former kings, understood how to govern and preserve the state, accepted loyal and candid remonstrance, abhorred deceit, tirelessly sought out the worthy, was scrupulous in the dispensation of rewards and punishments, corrected his faults in later years, and entrusted the regency to capable ministers. Thus he committed the similar errors but escaped the perils that brought ruin to Qin.
On February 15, the Crown Prince ascended the throne. The Emperor’s elder sister, the Princess of E’yi, dwelt with him in the palace, while Huo Guang, Jin Midi, and Shangguan Jie jointly oversaw the affairs of the imperial secretariat. Huo Guang assisted the young ruler, and all edicts and policies issued from his hand. The people of the realm all longed to behold his demeanor and bearing.
Once, an odd occurrence took place within the palace. One night, the court was thrown into alarm, and Huo Guang summoned the Keeper of the Imperial Seal, seeking to take the seal. The keeper refused to yield it; when Huo Guang sought to seize it by force, he drew his sword, saying, “You may take my head, but not the seal!” Huo Guang greatly esteemed his loyalty, and on the morrow an edict was issued raising the keeper’s rank by two levels. The people respected Huo Guang all the more.
On March 22, Emperor Wu was buried in the Maoling Mausoleum.
In June of summer, a general amnesty was proclaimed throughout the empire.
In July of autumn, a comet appeared in the eastern sky.
The Prince of Jibei, Liu Kuan, under investigation for incest, took his own life.
In the winter, the Xiongnu raided Shuofang, killing and plundering officials and commoners. Troops were dispatched to garrison Xihe, and the General of the Left, Shangguan Jie, was sent to guard the northern frontier.
The 5th year of Emperor Wu’s Yuanshou Era (118 B.C.)
On March 11 of spring, Chancellor Li Cai was accused of appropriating empty land from Emperor Jing‘s Garden for the burial of his family. He was subsequently put on trial and, unable to endure the shame, committed suicide.
The three-zhu coins were discontinued, and five-zhu coins were minted in their place. This change led to a rise in counterfeiting, especially in the Chu region.
The Emperor appointed Ji An as the new Prefect of Huaiyang, located on the outskirts of the Chu region. Despite Ji An‘s humble refusal to accept the seal of authority, the decree was repeatedly insisted upon until Ji An reluctantly acquiesced. With tears in his eyes, Ji An spoke to the Emperor: “I have always thought of myself as being cast aside in ditches and valleys, never expecting to be employed by Your Majesty again. I often suffer from ailments, like dogs and horses, that rendered me incapable of handling the duties of a commandery. I am only fit to serve as a Palace Attendant, assisting in the rectification of mistakes and oversights within the imperial court.”
The Emperor responded, “Do you disdain the position of Prefect of Huaiyang? I will call you back soon enough, but the officials and people of Huaiyang are not in their rightful places. I rely solely on your renown and stature. You will surely manage it, even from your bed.”
After Ji An bid farewell and departed, he encountered Li Xi, the Grand Usher, and said, “By being exiled and accepting the commandery post, I have lost the opportunity to engage in state affairs with the court. The Grand Master of the Censorate, Zhang Tang, is shrewd enough to counter objections, deceptive enough to conceal faults, and skilled in the art of flattery and rhetoric. However, he refuses to speak truthfully for the good of the world, instead catering solely to the Emperor’s desires. If the Emperor dislikes something, Zhang Tang disparages it; if the Emperor likes something, Zhang Tang praises it. He eagerly engages in petty matters, using convoluted arguments to sway the Emperor’s thoughts, and employs corrupt officials to strengthen his own authority. You, being one of the Nine Ministers with access to the Emperor, must speak out early; otherwise, you will fall with him and be destroyed.”
Li Xi, fearing Zhang Tang, dared not oppose him. Later, when Zhang Tang was prosecuted, the Emperor accused Li Xi of complicity.
Ji An was assigned to govern Huaiyang with the salary of a minister of a feudal lord (2000 picul), where he remained for ten years until his death.
An edict was issued to relocate corrupt officials and lawbreakers to the border regions.
In the summer, On April 2, the Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince, Marquis Wuqiang, Zhuang Qingzhai, was appointed as Chancellor.
The Emperor fell gravely ill at Dinghu Palace. Despite the efforts of sorcerers and physicians, there was no improvement. Youshui Fagen mentioned a shaman in Shangjun Commandery who could communicate with spirits and cure illnesses. The Emperor summoned the shaman and allowed him to preside over sacrifices at Ganquan Palace.
As the illness worsened, an emissary was sent to consult the demigod(i.e. the shaman) for advice. The demigod responded, “The Emperor’s illness is not a cause for concern; it will soon subside. You should come to meet me at Ganquan despite how you feel.” Soon after, the Emperor’s condition improved, and he visited Ganquan Palace, recovering quickly.
Once the illness had fully subsided, a banquet was arranged at the Shou Hall, where the demigod resided. Though the demigod could not be directly seen, his words were heard by others and sounded human. He appeared and then disappeared, accompanied by a solemn wind, and resided within curtained chambers. His words, which the Emperor received, were recorded as “The Plan.” While his advice contained nothing extraordinary and was rooted in common knowledge, the Emperor took great pleasure in it. The details were kept secret, and no one outside the palace knew of them.
While traveling to Ganquan Palace, the Emperor passed through the Right Interior Minister’s jurisdiction and discovered many paths were neglected and poorly maintained. Enraged, the Emperor exclaimed, “Does Yi Zong think I would never use this road again?” He bit his own lip in anger.
The 6th year of Emperor Wu’s Yuanshou Era (117 B.C.)
In October of winter, it rained, though there was no ice.
The previous year, the Emperor issued the min coinage edict, urging people to declare their assets and donate in the manner of Bu Shi. However, the people refused to contribute their wealth to support the county officials. As a result, Yang Ke dispatched agents to report on those who hid their assets and violated the min coinage laws. Yi Zong, seeing the agents’ actions as disruptive to the people’s lives, arrested them. The Emperor considered this an act of defying imperial orders and interfering with law enforcement, leading to Yi Zong‘s public execution.
Chamberlain Li Gan, harboring resentment for the death of his father, Li Guang, at the hands of the Grand General Wei Qing, attacked and wounded Wei Qing. The General concealed the incident. Shortly thereafter, Li Gan accompanied the Emperor to Yong and arrived at the hunting grounds of Ganquan Palace. There, General of the Agile Cavalry, Huo Qubing, shot and killed Li Gan. At that time, Huo Qubing enjoyed great favor and held a high rank, so the Emperor covered up the killing, claiming that Li Gan was killed by a rampaging deer.
On April 28 of the summer, in a ceremony at the Grand temple, Prince Liu Hong was named the Prince of Qi, Liu Dan as the Prince of Yan, and Liu Xu as the Prince of Guangling. This marked the precedence of the initial enunciation of the prince titles by imperial written certificates.
Since the minting of silver and five-zhu coins, tens of thousands of officials and civilians who were caught counterfeiting coins had been executed. The number of undetected cases was countless, and practically throughout the entire country, there was no one who had not been somehow involved in the casting of metal coins. The offenders were numerous, and the officials could not execute them all.
In June, an edict was issued to send six erudites, including Chu Da and Xu Yan, to thoroughly investigate the states and commanderies. They were tasked with identifying those engaged in illegal annexation of private properties or farm land, as well as officials, governors, and others guilty of crimes.
In September of the autumn, the Marquis of Guanjun [Champion] and Marquis of Jinghuan, Huo Qubing, passed away. The Emperor mourned his death deeply and had a tomb constructed in his honor, shaped like Qilian Mountain.
Huo Qubing’s father, Huo Zhongru, had completed his government service and returned home. There, he married and had a son named Huo Guang. As Huo Qubing grew older, he learned that Huo Zhongru was his father. While serving as the General of Agile Cavalry and battling against the Xiongnu, he passed through Hedong. He sent officials to invite Huo Zhongru to meet him and bought land, houses, slaves, and maidservants before departing. Upon his return, Huo Qubing brought Huo Guang with him to Chang’an, appointing him as an attendant-gentleman. Huo Guang was gradually promoted to the rank of Colonel of Royal Carriages and Grandee of Chamberlain.
During this year, the Minister of Agriculture, Yan Yi, was executed.
Yan Yi was renowned for his integrity and gradually rose to the position of one of the Nine Ministers. When the Emperor inquired about the creation of the white deerskin coins with Zhang Tang, Yan Yi expressed his opinion, saying, “Now, when princes and marquises offer tribute in the form of black jade discs, worth only a few thousand, the jade discs are wrapped in deerskins valued at hundreds of thousands. That is like putting the cart before the horse.” The Emperor was displeased with this response.
Later, Zhang Tang had a personal conflict with Yan Yi. When someone accused Yan Yi of another offense, the Emperor ordered Zhang Tang to decide on his punishment. On one occasion, Yan Yi‘s retainer remarked that an edict had certain improprieties, and Yan Yi responded with a slight movement of his lips, without speaking a word. Zhang Tang reported this, “Yan Yi, one of the Nine Ministers, noticed an inappropriate decree but failed to speak out about it, instead silently expressing his negative view. He is to be sentenced to death.” This incident established a criminal precedent in the law regarding “silent badmouthing” (Silence Disaccord), leading three excellencies and ministers to flatter and seek favor by speaking in a subservient manner.
Reflection by Rio Grande 